Public Administration: Theory and Practice

Description

Cover Contents Chapter 1: Meaning, Scope and Importance of Public Administration The Concept of Public Administration The Scope of Public Administration Scope in Relation to People’s Expectations from the Government Significance of Public Administration Public and Private Administration Similarities Between Public and Private Administration The Ecology of Public Administration Political Dimension Economic Dimension Socio-cultural Dimension Evolution of Public Administration as a Discipline Period I: (1887–1926)—The Era of Politics–Administration Dichotomy Period II: (1927–37)—Principles of Administration Period III: (1938–47)—Principles Stood Challenged Period IV: (1948–70)—Crisis of Identity Period V: 1971onwards Public Administration—Science or Art Public Administration: A Science Public Administration is Not a Science like Physical Sciences Public Administration as Both a Science and an Art New Public Administration Reference Chapter 2: Theories of Organisation Scientific Management Theory Taylor and his Associates Principles of the Theory Bureaucratic Theory Characteristics of the Ideal Type Criticism of Weber’s Theory Classical Administrative Theory Device and Classical Theory Principles of Administration Drawbacks of Classical Theory Human Relations Theory Introduction Hawthorne Experiments Major Findings of Hawthorne Experiments Main Propositions of the Theory Criticism Behavioural Approach Weaknesses of Behaviouralism System Approach General Systems Theory: Concepts Relevance of Systems Approach to Public Administration Evaluation Public Choice Theory Salient Features of Public Choice Critical Evaluation Conclusion Organisational Effectiveness The Concept of Organisational Effectiveness References Chapter 3: Principles of Organisation The Hierarchy or the Scalar Process Merits of the Scalar Principle Demerits of Scalar System Unity of Command Authority and Responsibility Sources of Authority Kinds of Authority Authority and Responsibility Coordination Definition of Coordination Need for Coordination Types of Coordination Methods of Coordination How to Achieve Effective Coordination Hindrances to Effective Coordination Span of Control Supupervision Meaning and Definitions Functions of a Supervisor Methods or Techniques of Supervision Qualities of Good Supervisors Importance of Human Characteristics of Supervision Training of Supervisors Centralisation and Decentralisation Meaning Merits and Demerits of Centralisation and Decentralisation Merits and Demerits of Centralisation Merits and Demerits of Decentralisation Delegation Type of Delegation Hindrance to Delegation General Principles of Delegation Refernces Chapter 4: Administrative Behaviour Decision Making Factors in Decision Making Decision Making is a Plural Activity Bases of Decision Making Techniques of Decision Making Types of Management Decisions Problems of Decision Making The Problem of Bias in Decision Making Herbert Simon’s Contribution to Decision Making Criticism Conclusion Theories of Leadership Definitions of Leadership Leadership and Power Leadership and Authority Theories of Leadership Types of Leadership Functions of Leadership Qualities of a Good Administrative Leader Communication Definition of Communication Types of Communication Internal and External Communication Means of Communication Hindrance to Effective Communication Morale How to Build up and Maintain Wholesome Morale Motivation Theories of Motivation The Hierarchy of Needs Theory The Motivation–Hygiene Approach Theory McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Motivation: The Carrot and the Stick Approach The Expectancy Theory of Motivation References Chapter 5: Structure of Organisation Chief Executive Types of Chief Executive Functions of the Chief Executive Political Functions Administrative Functions Deciding Administrative Policy Authorising Details of Organisation Coordination Issuing Directions Selection and Removal of Personnel Control of Financial Administration Supervision and Investigation Public Relations Line, Staff and Auxiliary Agencies Line Agencies Staff Agencies Functions of Staff Agencies Kinds of Staff Agencies Qualities of a Staff Officer Some Examples of Staff Agencies in Various Countries Distinction Between Line and Staff Agencies Auxiliary Agencies Distinction Between Auxiliary Agencies and Line Agencies Distinction Between Auxiliary Agencies and Staff Agencies Department Public Enterprises Forms of Public Enterprises Advantages of Corporations Problems of Public Corporation Public Sector Performance of the Public Enterprises Definition of a Board or a Commission Where is the Board System Suited The Mixed System Classification of Boards and Commissions Boards and Commissions in India Merits of Independent Regulatory Commissions Demerits of Independent Regulatory Commissions Attempts at Reforms of the Commissions Headquarters–Field Relationship Grading and Classification of Field-Stations Headquarters–Field Relationship Supervision and Control of Field-Stations References Chapter 6: Personnel Administration Functions of Personnel Administration Bureaucracy and Civil Services Basic Features of Civil Service Professionals Hierarchy Legal Basis Personnel Agency Established Procedure of Work Impartiality and Anonymity Functions of Civil Service Advice Programme Planning Production Organisation and Methods Max Weber’s Model of Bureaucracy The Weberian Model of Bureaucracy Criticism of the Weberian Model Position Classification Different Categories of Classification Method of Classification Advantages of Classification The Classification System of Civil Service in India Position Classification in USA Recruitment of Employees: Spoils Versus Merit System Defects of the Spoils System The Merit System Advantages of the Merit System Location of the Appointing Power Methods of Recruitment Qualifications of Employees Methods of Determining Qualifications Administrative Machinery for Determining Qualifications Recruitment System in India Age Written Examination Interview Central Secretariat Services The Current Selection Method of the UPSC Public Service Commission Composition of the Public Service Commission Independence of the Public Service Commission Functions of the Public Service Commission Annual Report of the Commission Defects in Our Recruitment System Probation System Training Meaning of Training Need for Training Objects of Training Types of Training Methods of Training Videotape Recording Essentials of Training for Administrative Officers Training in India Training System During the British Rule Training System After Independence Training for the Indian Administrative Services (IAS) Training for the Indian Police Service (IPS) Training for the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) Departmental Training Schools for Other Central Services Institute of the Secretariat Training and Management (ISTM) Training at the State level Conclusion Career Development Promotion The Meaning of Promotion Types of Advancement The Automatic Advancement System The Semi-Automatic Advancement System Importance of Promotion Essentials of a Proper Promotion System Lines of Promotion Principles of Promotion Merit Principle Personal Judgement of the Head of Department Examinations for Promotion Efficiency Rating The Promotion-Making Authority Promotion System in India Criticism of Our Promotion System Pay and Conditions of Service Principles of the Pay Structure Service Conditions Retirement Age for Retirement Retirement Benefits Pension and Provident Fund Kinds of Pensions Fifth Pay Commission’s Recommendations on Pension Conduct and Discipline Government Servants’ Conduct Rules in India Discipline Types of Disciplinary Action Mode of Taking Disciplinary Action The Position in India Employer–Employee Relations Right to Strike Origin of the Whitley Council Functions of Whitley Councils Authority of Whitley Councils Organisation of Whitley Councils Evaluation of the Whitley System Staff Councils in India Joint Consultative Machinery (JCMCM) Scheme The National Council Departmental Councils Integrity in Public Administration Definition of Corruption Forms of Corruption Causes of Corruption or Decline of Integrity Historical Causes Social Causes Economic Vauses Environmental Vauses Cumbersome Procedure Inadequate Laws Constitutional Protection to the Civil Servants Evil Effect of Corruption on Administration Anti-Corruption Measures and Machinery Legal and Institutional Devices to Check Corruption Vigilance Organisations in the Ministries The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) The State Vigilance Commission The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Some Suggested Remedies Generalist and Specialist in Administration Definition of Generalist and Specialist The Controversy Arguments in Favour of Generalists Arguments in Favour of Specialists The Way Out Neutrality and Civil Servants Anonymity References Chapter 7: Financial Administration Machinery for Fiscal Management The Concept of Budget Budget-Making Principles The Budgetary Procedure Preparation of Budget Enactment of Budget Vote on Account Execution of the Budget Accounting Accounting System in India Ministry of Finance: Composition and Functions Department of Expenditure Department of Revenue and Banking Ministry of Finance as an Agency of Financial Control Control Exercised During Preparation of the Budget Control Exercised During Execution of the Budget Control on Miscellaneous Matters Financial Control: An Appraisal Performance Budgeting Performance Budgeting: A Brief History Stages of Performance Budgeting Objectives of Performance Budgeting Advantages of Performance Budgeting Performance Budgeting in India Parliamentary Control of Public Finance Audit Objectives and Functions of Audit Difference Between Auditing and Accounting Organisation of Audit in India Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and his Independence Duties and Powers of Comptroller and Auditor-General Criticism of the Indian Audit System Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Estimates Committee Committee on Public Undertakings Effectiveness of Parliamentary Control Over Public Finance References Chapter 8: Accountability and Control Types of Administration Control External Controls Means of Legislative Control Executive Control of Public Administration Importance of Executive Control Judicial Control Over Administration Cases of Judicial Intervention Judicial Remedies For Suing the Government and the Officials Extraordinary Judicial Remedies Limitations of Judicial Control Citizen and Administration Redressal of Citizen’s Grievances Existing Arrangements for the Redress of Grievances Lokpal Jurisdiction of Lokpal Procedure of Working Weaknesses of the Bill Lokayukta Consumer Protection as Removal of Public Grievances Consumer Protection Machinery in India Central Consumer Protection Council Working Group Terms of the Central Council Meetings Objectives of the Central Council The State Consumer Protection Councils Composition District Forum Composition Jurisdiction of the District Forum References Chapter 9: Administrative Reforms Introduction O&M Nature of O&M Evolution of O&M Functions of O&M Advantages and Disadvantages of O&M Advantages Disadvantages Work Study: A Tool of Administrative Improvement Work Study Method Study Work Measurement Objectives Advantage of Work Measurement Units of Measurement Techniques Organisation Analysis Administrative Reforms: Procedure and Obstacles Need for Administrative Reforms Administrative Reforms: Indian Experience First Phase (1947–64) Five Year Plans and Administrative Reforms IIPA Second Phase (1965–76) Administrative Reforms Commission (1966–70) Third Phase (1977–90) Fourth Phase (1990 Onwards) Fifth Pay Commission and Administrative Reforms Features of Administrative Reforms Obstacles in Administrative Reforms Conclusion References Chapter 10: Administrative Law Dicey and Administrative Law Criticism of Dicey’s Views Universality of Administrative Law Origin of the Administrative Law Sources of Administrative Law Scope of Administrative Law Features of Administrative Law Conclusion Delegated Legislation Meaning and Definitions Reasons for the Growth of Delegated Legislation Classification of Delegated Legislation Advantage of Delegated Legislation Disadvantages of Delegated Legislation Safeguards in Delegated Legislation Parliamentary Control over Delegated Legislation in India Administrative Adjudication Meaning and Definition Difference Between Administrative Adjudication and Judicial Process Growth of Administrative Adjudication Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Adjudication Administrative Tribunals Reasons for the Growth of Administrative Tribunals The Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal The Railway Rates Tribunal Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) Advantages of Administrative Tribunals Disadvantages of Administrative Tribunals References Chapter 11: Administrative Culture Administrative Culture: Meaning and Emergence Administrative Culture: A Concept by F. W. Riggs The Arts Knowledge and Sophistication Shared Beliefs and Practices People Who Share a Culture Shared Attitudes Improvement Components of Administrative Culture Riggs on Administrative Ecology: Administrative Culture of Developing Societies Common Administrative Patterns in Developing Countries Administrative Culture in India Degradation of the Administrative System Conclusion References Chapter 12: New Public Management NPM: Concept and Meaning Components of New Public Management Stress on Performance (3Es) Flexibility and Autonomy Total Quality Management (TQM) Client Orientation Devolution Cost and Size Reductions Performance Contracting Privatisation and Contracting System The People Dimension Accountability and Transparency Features of NPM Critical Evaluation Suggestive Measures Matching the Role of the State to its Capability Steps Needed to Reinvigorate Public institution Conclusion References Chapter 13: Good Governance What is Good? Government and Governance Governance: Meaning and Definitions Good Governance: Emergence of the Idea Good Governance: Meaning and Definitions Why Good Governance? Good Governance: The Western Scenario Good Governance: Indian Scenario Constitutional Provisions for Good Governance The Preamble Fundamental Rights Directive Principles of State Policy Good Governance: Some Practical Efforts in India Good Governance and New Public Management Good Governance: The Road Ahead Good Governance: Strategy for Growth Administrative Bureaucratic Political Judicial Institutional Economic Social Security References Chapter 14: Comparative and Development Administration: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Importance Meaning of Comparative Public Administration Nature of Comparative Public Administration Scope of the Study of Comparative Public Administration Contribution of F. W. Riggs Heterogeneity Formalism Overlapping Development Administration What is Development? Development from an Economic Point of View: Growth and Change Development Administration The Concept of Administrative Development Functions of Development Administration Problems of Development Administration References Chapter 15: Public Policy Objectives of Public Policy Difference Between Policy and Rules Policy Differs from Customs, Decisions and Plans Basis of Policy Formulation Other actors Influencing F Policy Making Policy Formulation in India Relevance of Policy Making in Public Administration Scope of Public Policy Some of the Recent Policies of Central and State Government Approach of Our Public Policies: Peoples’ Welfare or Meeting Targets The Process of Policy Formulation Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation Status of Policy Study in India References