Mental Health in a Digital World

Description

Mental Health in a Digital World addresses mental health assessments and interventions using digital technology, including mobile phones, wearable devices and related technologies. Sections discuss mental health data collection and analysis for purposes of assessment and treatment, including the use of electronic medical records and information technologies to improve services and research, the use of digital technologies to enhance communication, psychoeducation, screening for mental disorders, the problematic use of the internet, including internet gambling and gaming, cybersex and cyberchondria, and internet interventions, ranging from online psychotherapy to mobile phone apps and virtual reality adjuncts to psychotherapy. Front Cover Mental Health in a Digital World Copyright Contents Contributors Preface 1 Introduction Data collection and analysis Communication, psychoeducation, and screening Problematic Internet use Interventions Conclusion Section A: Digital Data Collection and Analysis 2 Information technology and electronic health record to improve behavioral health services Introduction Setting goals to achieve value and quality in practice and the role of technology Components and processes of systems used by clinicians Overview Structural approaches Functional technologies Picking the right technologies and models of care and integrating them into practice Models of care AI and big data CDS via AI The internet and social media Clinician, team, system, and institutional/organizational competencies Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments Conflicts of interest References 3 Big data and the goal of personalized health interventions Introduction/Overview What is big data? Where does big data come from? Data storage and preprocessing Data analysis Insights from genetics, neuroimaging, and eHealth Genetics Neuroimaging eHealth Key challenges From big data to the individual patient Ethical considerations Service-user involvement Phenotypic depth vs sample breadth Reproducibility and replicability Looking to the future Conclusions References 4 Collecting data from Internet (and other platform) users for mental health research Introduction/overview A brief historical overview of the Internet’s use within psychology Are the use of Internet sampling procedures reliable and valid? Benefits to utilizing the Internet to answer research questions Risks/costs of Internet research How to go about collecting data from Internet users Tools to construct surveys and tasks online Smartphones Conclusion References 5 Ecological momentary assessment and other digital technologies for capturing daily life in mental health Introduction Mental health revolution Precision medicine The importance of context Modern care practices The relevant time window Ecological validity Profiled vs iterative personalized medicine Digital health solutions Ecological momentary assessment Added value to cross-sectional methods Learning from group-level research Toward a paradigm shift in clinical practice Reliable assessment of subjective experiences Individual EMA use in clinical practice Case example Leveraging the full potential of technologies Digital phenotyping Unobtrusive mental health assessments Conclusion References 6 Social media big data analysis for mental health research Mental disorders Social media data Social media typology Data collection from social media users Directly collecting from subjects Aggregating data extracted from public posts User verification and annotation Screening users with a questionnaire Manual annotation Data collection from social media platforms Facebook Twitter Natural language processing (NLP) Segmentation Tokenization Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) Word embedding Anaphora resolution Machine learning Machine learning algorithms Supervised machine learning Unsupervised machine learning Semisupervised learning Deep learning Multiple layer perceptron (MLP) Convolutional neural network (CNN) Recurrent neural network (RNN) Long short-term memory (LSTM) Evaluating ML models Cross-validation Classification evaluation Ethics surrounding profiling social media for mental health A framework for the use of social media for health intervention User Social media platform Researcher Health organization Government Ethical considerations and practices Identity and user protection Changing policy Identifying health conditions from social media behavior References Section B: Communication, psychoeducation, screening 7 Telepsychiatry and video-to-home (including security issues) Introduction Effectiveness Patient satisfaction Provider satisfaction Regulatory and safety issues Licensure portability and reciprocity Security and privacy of patient information Patient safety during TMH encounters Global telemental health Future directions in global TMH Conclusion References 8 Social Media and Clinical Practice Introduction Background Clinical Use Physician Training, Medical Education, and Professional Development Patient Care and Advocacy Patient Support Groups Marketing and Networking Physician Wellness Treatment Research Concerns Privacy Security Reputation Addiction Discussion Conclusion References 9 Websites and the validity of mental health care information Quality assessment methods Types of mental disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders Mood and anxiety disorders Bipolar disorder Substance use Eating disorders Schizophrenia Other disorders Individual websites with high-quality information Websites in languages other than English Highly rated sites Quality of mental disorder information on social media Longitudinal changes in website quality Summary Information on social media Implications for practice Conclusion References 10 Digital phenotyping The importance of measurement The challenge of measurement in mental health Virtual care and electronic patient self-report Digital phenotyping of mental health Passive monitoring Actigraphy and tremor Human-computer interaction Active assessments Facial expressivity Voice and speech Movement Cognitive functioning Challenges faced by digital phenotyping Privacy and anonymity Promise and future of digital measurement References 11 The digital therapeutic relationship: Retaining humanity in the digital age Introduction Human factor science and the design of person-centered e-interventions Conceptualizing e-interventions within a relationship-centered paradigm Content-centered vs relationship-centered e-interventions How important is human interaction in e-interventions? Toward a theoretical conceptualization of relationship-centered e-interventions Conventional notions of the therapeutic relationship Possibilities for establishing therapeutic relationships in cyberspace Future directions for theory and research Conclusion Funding References Section C: Problematic use of the Internet 12 Gambling disorder, gaming disorder, cybershopping, and other addictive/impulsive disorders online Introduction Phenomenology, comorbidity, and clinical assessment tools Gambling disorder Internet gaming disorder Compulsive buying disorder Psychobiology Gambling disorder Gaming disorder (and PUI) Compulsive buying disorder Treatment: Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy Gambling disorder Gaming disorder (and PUI) Compulsive buying disorder Discussion and concluding remarks Disclosures References Further reading 13 Cyberchondria, cyberhoarding, and other compulsive online disorders Introduction Cyberchondria Assessment of Cyberchondria Cyberchondria severity scale Alternative instruments Epidemiology of Cyberchondria Prevalence Demographics Course Cost and burden Clinical comorbidity Neuropsychology, neurocircuitry, neurochemistry, and neurogenetics Therapeutic interventions Cyberhoarding Other digital forms of OCRDs Information overload Problematic social network sites use Compulsive online trading Conclusions Declaration statement References 14 Internet-use disorders: A theoretical framework for their conceptualization and diagnosis Introduction Diagnosis Etiology Disordered smartphone use Conclusion Disclosure statements References 15 Cybersex (including sex robots) Introduction Epidemiology, definitions, and phenomenology Internet pornography Adolescents’ pornography use Cyber-grooming and cybersexual solicitation of minors Dating applications Webcams Sex robots Virtual reality Diagnostic criteria Differential diagnoses Assessment of comorbid disorders Does quantity equal problematic use? Problematic pornography use due to dysregulation and/or moral incongruence Assessment and evaluation Psychobiology Functional brain imaging Structural brain imaging Neuropsychology Neuroendocrinology Virtual reality pornography Pharmacotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Naltrexone Psychotherapy Traditional psychotherapy Online problems, online solutions? Conclusion References 16 Developmental aspects (including cyberbullying) Introduction Behavioral development Social networking Conceptualization Prevalence Motives Consequences Online sex: Sexting and online pornography Sexting and sex-related online behaviors Conceptualization Prevalence Motives Consequences Cybersex and online pornography use Conceptualization Prevalence Motives Consequences Online gambling and gaming Online gambling Conceptualization Prevalence Motives Consequences Online gaming Conceptualization Prevalence Motives Consequences Cyberbullying Conceptualization Prevalence Motives Consequences Neurodevelopment Maturation of motivational substrates Maturation of inhibitory substrates Neurodevelopment and online behaviors Social networking and cyberbullying Pornography use Gambling and gaming Conclusions Funding Conflict of interest References Section D: Interventions 17 Internet-based psychotherapies Background Procedures Treatment platform Assessments Treatment content Support and blending A typical treatment case Research support Conditions and target groups Compared to face to face Long-term effects Implementation and evidence in clinical settings Future and ongoing developments Conclusion References 18 Apps for mental health Introduction The potential of MH apps Functions of MH apps Key aspects of mobile apps evaluation Efficacy Safety Privacy and security Usability Integration Current app evaluation frameworks Frameworks for general mHealth apps mHealth evidence reporting and assessment checklist The enlight framework Mobile app rating scale The American Psychiatric Association app evaluation model The ASPECTS framework One mind PsyberGuide app reviews Conclusions and future directions References Further reading 19 Clinical interventions for technology-based problems Introduction Social perceptions of problems and interventions Types of intervention Primary preventions Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Prevention and treatment evidence Government responses South Korea China Japan Germany United Kingdom, United States, and Australia The role of industry and online content providers Future research directions Discussion Conclusions Conflict of interest References 20 Scaling up of mental health services in the digital age: The rise of technology and its application to low- and middle- ... Introduction Technology for community outreach, raising awareness, and challenging stigma Technology for mental health in humanitarian settings Digital Interventions for youth mental health Technology for supporting clinical care and building capacity of frontline health workers Technology for severe mental disorders Ethical considerations Mental health during pandemics and the need for digital interventions Discussion and conclusion References 21 Addiction, autonomy, and the Internet: Some ethical considerations Introduction Distinguishing clinical and ethical debates The ethics of persuasive design The nature of the harm Ethical implications Regulation on design New “digital divides”: Growing socioeconomic inequalities A right to disconnect? Conclusion References Index Back Cover