Handbook of Global Urban Health

Description

Through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives, and with an emphasis on exploring patterns as well as distinct and unique conditions across the globe, this collection examines advanced and cutting-edge theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the health of urban populations. Despite the growing interest in global urban health, there are limited resources available that provide an extensive and advanced exploration into the health of urban populations in a transnational context. This volume offers a high-quality and comprehensive examination of global urban health issues by leading urban health scholars from around the world. The book brings together a multi-disciplinary perspective on urban health, with chapter contributions emphasizing disciplines in the social sciences, construction sciences and medical sciences. The co-editors of the collection come from a number of different disciplinary backgrounds that have been at the forefront of urban health research, including public health, epidemiology, geography, city planning and urban design. The book is intended to be a reference in global urban health for research libraries and faculty collections. It will also be appropriate as a text for university class adoption in upper-division under-graduate courses and above. The proposed volume is extensive and offers enough breadth and depth to enable it to be used for courses emphasizing a U.S., or wider Western perspective, as well as courses on urban health emphasizing a global context. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Acknowledgments PART 1: Urban Health: An Introduction and Overview Chapter 1: Global Urban Health: Inequalities, Vulnerabilities, and Challenges in the 21st Century Living in an Urban World Infectious Disease and the City Social Unrest, Violence, and the 21st Century Refugee Crisis Cities as Dynamic Entities, (Re)constructed through Social and Biophysical Processes Cities as Both Producers of Vulnerability and Enablers of Support: Urban Mental Health and Substance Abuse Structure of This Book References Chapter 2: Urban Health in the US and UK: The Long 19th Century Introduction Health and Disease in 19th Century Britain Health and Disease in 19th Century US Conclusion References Chapter 3: Sin in the City: An Urban History of Medicine and Modern Morality in Turkey Introduction Situating Sin and Sickness in the Cities of Early Republican Turkey Modern Moralities of Sex and the City Urban Intemperance Combating the Sins of Uncleanliness, Greed, and Vanity Summary and Conclusion Note References Chapter 4: Healthcare and the City: A North American Perspective An Overview of the Healthcare Systems of Canada, Mexico and the USA Demographic and Health Trends Urban Health and Healthcare Emerging and Re-emerging Health and Healthcare Issues References Chapter 5: Delivering Urban Health through Urban Planning and Design Introduction Urban Environment and Health Stressors Shaping Healthy Cities: Responses via Urban and Transport Planning Importance of City Governance in Promoting Healthy Planning and Design Conclusion: The Future Is Urban Acknowledgements References PART 2: Healthcare Policy and Urban Health Services Chapter 6: Cities, Immigration, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act What Is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)? The ACA’s Bumpy Implementation: State and Local Variation Did the ACA Expand Access to Care? Ongoing Challenges Facing the ACA The Limits of the ACA: Access to Care for Undocumented Immigrants Conclusions References Chapter 7: Voluntary Sector and Urban Health Systems Introduction The Voluntary Sector and Urban Health Systems: From Panacea, to Paradox, to Precarity Voluntarism in and of Cities at the Local Scale Discussion and Concluding Comments References Chapter 8: Urban Policies and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean Social and Physical Characteristics of LAC Urban Environments Relevant to Health Health in LAC Cities Urban Policies and Health: Promising Examples from the Region Comprehensive Urban Development Social Inclusion and Poverty Reduction Policies Promotion of Healthy Behaviors Urban Governance Opportunities for Urban Health Promotion in the Region Conclusion References Chapter 9: Access to Healthcare for the Urban Poor in Nairobi, Kenya: Harnessing the Role of the Private Sector in Informal Settlements and a Human Rights-Based Approach to Health Policy Introduction Health Status, Access and Utilization of Health Services by the Urban Poor in Nairobi Status of Healthcare in Nairobi City County Current Interventions to Improve Service Delivery for the Urban Poor A Rights Approach to Health Systems Strengthening Conclusion References Chapter 10: Medical Travel/Tourism and the City Introduction Understanding Cities through Their Relations Mobilities Constituting Medical Travel/Tourism: Bodies, Standards and Capital Urban Manifestations Conclusion Notes References Chapter 11: The Health System and Immigrants: A Focus on Urban France The Nexus between Urban Living and Health in France: The Effects of Precarity on Immigrants’ Access to Healthcare Local Healthcare Initiatives: The Example of a Mother and Child Care Network in the Paris Area Local Actions in ‘Squats and Slums’ Conclusion Notes References PART 3: Mental Health and Wellbeing: An Urban Context Chapter 12: Urban Mental Health Introduction Mapping Mental Health Distributions The Role of the Welfare State ‘Neglect in a Bedsit’ Conclusion References Chapter 13: Children’s Resilience and Mental Health in the Urban Context Introduction Concepts of Health and Resilience Children in an Urban Context: Interaction with Multiple Systems How Children Function as Resilient Beings Designing Urban Policies That Promote Children’s Health and Resilience Children’s Resilience and Well-Being in a Context of Major Adversity: What Can Be Done Conclusion Notes References Chapter 14: Welfare Facilities and Happiness of the Elderly in Urban Korea Introduction Literature Review: Elderly Happiness and Welfare Facilities A Case Study—Seoul, South Korea Concluding Remarks References Chapter 15: Public Space and Pedestrian Stress Perception: Insights from Darmstadt, Germany Introduction Research Approach Results Discussion Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgements References Chapter 16: Cities and Indigenous Communities: The Health and Wellbeing of Urban Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand Introduction Urban Māori Identity and the Spatial Distribution of Urban Māori Health Inequities and Māori Urban Māori Health Policy and Service Responses to Urban Māori Models of Māori Health and Culturally Responsive Health Services for Urban Māori Conclusion Notes References Chapter 17: Landscape Restructuring in the Shrinking City and Implications for Mental Health Introduction: Mental Health as a Public Health Priority Mental Health and the Urban Environment The Unique Context of the Shrinking American City and Mental Health Challenges Contesting, Engaging, and Greening: How Community Responses to Shrinkage Could Benefit Mental Health Repurposing Vacant Land: Examples from Milwaukee, Wisconsin Future Research to Explore Intentional Greening Approaches References PART 4: Vulnerable Urban Populations Chapter 18: Challenges to Public Health in the Favelas of Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Introduction Favelas in Brazil A Brief History of the Favela Democratization, Public Health, and Modern-Day Favelas in the State of Rio de Janeiro Case Studies in Slum Health from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State Case 1: Maria and Prenatal Care Case 2: Joana and HIV Care Case 3: Jonas and Tuberculosis Treatment Case 4: Michele and Zika Infection The Future of Health in Brazil’s Favelas References Chapter 19: Taking Action to Improve Indigenous Health in the Cities of Québec and Elsewhere in Canada: The Example of the Minowé Clinic at the Val-d’Or Native Friendship Centre Introduction Moving toward Indigenous-Oriented Health Services The Native Friendship Centre Movement in Canada and Québec The History and Strategic Positioning of the Minowé Clinic Wellness, Worldview, and the Impacts of Colonialism Cultural Safety and Social Transformation Conclusion: Challenges of a Shared Governance and a Renewed Service Offer References Chapter 20: Refugees and Health: A European Urban Context Toward Defining Refugees and Health Assessing and Addressing Health Needs of Refugees in the Cities of Host Countries Responding to the Health Needs of Refugees in Transit Cities: The Belgrade Experience Policy Recommendations: Toward Inclusion of Refugees in the Host Societies References Chapter 21: Refugees and Health in Urban Africa Introduction Refugee Settlement Patterns in Africa Health Challenges Faced by Refugees Success Stories Role of NGOs and Advocacy Groups Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 22: The Urban Hierarchy and Spatial Relationships between Poverty and Cancer: Does Location Error Matter? Introduction Literature Review Data Methods Results Conclusions and Implications Acknowledgement Notes References Chapter 23: African Cities and Ebola Introduction Epidemiology of Ebola Transmission and Risk Factors The Deadly Ebola Outbreak in West Africa and Its Spread to Cities Lessons Learned from the Urban Ebola Outbreak in West Africa General Strategies for Controlling Ebola Epidemics Conclusion References PART 5: Violence and Injuries References Chapter 24: Pedestrian Injuries in Cities: A Global Perspective Pedestrians: Vulnerable Road Users Facing Increased Risk of Death and Injury in Cities Risk Factors for Pedestrian Injuries in Cities around the World Case Studies Pedestrian Injuries in Cities: Interventions and Their Effectiveness World Health Organization Framework Evidence of Effectiveness of Pedestrian Interventions Vision Zero Conclusion References Chapter 25: Alcohol Availability and Crime in Post-Disaster Christchurch, New Zealand: Implications for Health in Cities Introduction The Canterbury Earthquakes Literature Review The Current Study Data Analytical Methods Results Discussion References Chapter 26: Urban Gun Violence Introduction Major Sources of Information on Gun Crimes National Trends in Gun Violence Policy Initiatives to Reduce Urban Firearm Violence Local-Level Study: Massachusetts Conclusion Note References Chapter 27: European Street Gangs and Urban Violence Introduction London Brussels Kazan Moscow Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö Discussion Conclusion Notes References Chapter 28: Neighbourhood Recovery and Community Wellbeing in Cities Following Natural Disasters: Findings from Christchurch, New Zealand Introduction Changing Places, Changing Wellbeing? Neighbourhood Amenities and Businesses as Health-Related Resources Rapid Changes in Christchurch Business Locations From Business Recovery to Neighbourhood and City Recovery Measuring Neighbourhood Recovery over Time Comparing Neighbourhood Recovery Trajectories in Christchurch Trajectories of Recovery? Implications for Long Term Community Recovery and Wellbeing Conclusion References PART 6: Pollutants, Environmental Contamination and Urban Health References Chapter 29: Urban Slums, Drinking Water, and Health: Trends and Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Urban Slum Ecology and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa Water Access in Sub-Saharan African Slums Water Contamination Pathways in Slums Water and Health in African Slums Sachet Water Comes of Age in West Africa Conclusion References Chapter 30: A Greening but Unequal City: Environmental Exposure Disparities, Gentrified Inequities, and Public Health in Seattle, Washington Sustainability in Urban Environments Methods and Results Discussion Conclusion References Chapter 31: Fighting for Urban Environmental Health Justice in Southside (Los Sures) Williamsburg, Brooklyn: A Community-Engaged Pilot Study Preface Introduction Air Pollution and Asthma Background Approach and Conceptual Framework Study Design Objectives and Methods Preliminary Results Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements Notes References Chapter 32: Ambient Air Pollution and Health Effects in Shanghai: Trend, Challenges, and Opportunities Introduction Shanghai Level and Trend of Ambient Air Pollution Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution Discussion Acknowledgements References Abbreviations PART 7: Public Health and the Role of the Built Environment Chapter 33: Transport, Urban Regeneration and Health Introduction Transport and Health: The Conceptual Links Health Implications in Making Urban Space Conclusion Notes References Chapter 34: Rice, Men, and Other Everyday Anxieties: Navigating Obesogenic Urban Food Environments in Osaka, Japan Introduction Obesogenic Urban Environments in Asia: Food Jungles rather than Food Swamps Obesity in Japan Everyday Eating in Japan The case of Osaka, Japan Our Ethnographic Process Discussion and Conclusion Notes References Chapter 35: The Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Exploring Burdens on Vulnerable U.S. Populations Introduction Suburbanization and the Evolving Urban/Suburban Built Environment Urban Form, Travel Behavior, and Public Health Outcomes Building Walkable Communities From Emphasizing Urban Form to Stressing the Role of Socio-Demographic Composition Exploring the Urban Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity/Overweight: The Lansing Capital Region Consistency in Outcomes: The Built Environment, Class, Race, and Obesity/Overweight in the Detroit Region Conclusion References Chapter 36: Public Health Challenges with Sub-Saharan African Informal Settlements: A Case Study of Malaria in Yaoundé Introduction Malaria in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa: Demographic Trends and Geographic Insights Infectious Diseases and Malaria in SSA’s Informal Settlements: What Do We Know? Malaria in the Informal Settlements of Yaoundé What Lessons Can We Learn from the Example of Yaoundé? Conclusion References Chapter 37: Health-Oriented Urban Planning in Germany: Urban Planning and Design Approaches Going beyond Professional Boundaries Introduction European and German City Context Aspects of Health-Oriented Urban Planning The Healthy City Guidelines—Guidance for Interdisciplinary Cooperation Master-Planning a “Healthy” City—The Tempelhofer Feld in Berlin Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 38: Flint, Michigan’s Food Crisis: Retail Abandonment, Social and Economic Burdens, and Local Food-Oriented Solutions Introduction Retail Restructuring Racism and Deindustrialization in the American Rust Belt Local Food Systems as a Response Conclusions References Chapter 39: Housing and Urban Health: A Los Angeles Study Introduction Housing and Urban Health in the U.S.: A Brief History Housing Conditions and Urban Health Today Housing and Urban Health: The Case of Los Angeles Conclusion Notes References Notes on Contributors Index