Chemical Environmental Pollutants and their Effect on Health

Description

This book focuses on the impact of environmental chemicals on human health. Its coverage includes metals contaminating the environment, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), air pollution and endocrine disruptors. Harmful consumer products, workplace exposure, cosmetics, microplastic waste are described. Since most chemical substances are related to degenerative disorders and other communicable diseases, the proposed models of disease are analyzed, including cancer and psychiatry disorders. To provide an understanding of the mechanisms of diseases due to exposure, the book also covers basic background knowledge in genetics and epigenetic mechanisms. Oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms of the body are presented and how chronic inflammation and oxidative stress leads to disease. Finally, the role of a well-balanced diet and ingredients in the diet which prevent disease as well as the mechanisms of prevention are emphasized. Cover Half Title Chemical Environmental Pollutants and their Effect on Health Copyright Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Author 1. The Epigenome Introduction A Unified Theory of Gene Expression The Epigenotype Epigenetic Mechanisms DNA Methylation Histones RNA Regulatory System Repeated DNA Sequences Transposable Elements (TEs) DNA Transposons Retrotransposons and Endogenous Retroviruses The LINE Family The SINE Family Transcription Factors Genomic Imprinting Epigenetic Reprogramming Methylation of Other Key Elements Within the Genome The Epigenotype Model The Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis Evolution Models of Development Executive Summary References 2. DNA Methylation and Disease DNA Hypomethylation and Disease Transcriptional Modifications of Transposable Elements Executive Summary References 3. Oxidative Stress Reactive Oxygen Species The Central Role of Glutathione in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases [10] Metals and Their Effects on Health Executive Summary References 4. Metals and Disease Mercury The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Chromium The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Arsenic The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Treatment Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Lead The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Blood-Lead Level Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification SNPs Related to Lead Sensitivity Cadmium The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Aluminum The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanisms of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Manganese The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Magnesium The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Action Epigenetic Changes Nickel The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Calcium Effects on Health Asbestos The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Mechanisms of Intoxicification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Silica The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanisms of Intoxification Copper The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Cobalt The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanisms of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Selenium The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Accidental Exposures in History Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Iron The Metal, Its Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Beryllium The Metal, Its Forms, and Its Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Tin Poisoning: An Example of Selective Toxicity of Organic Metal Complexes Executive Summary References Mercury Chromium Arsenic Lead Cadmium Aluminum Manganese Magnesium Nickel Calcium Asbestos Silica Copper Cobaltium Selenium Iron Beryllium Tin Poisoning 5. Organic Pollutants and Disease Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Unintentionally Produced Chemical Agents Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Accidental Exposures in History Intentionally Produced Products Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs) Effects on Health Chlorinated Compounds Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Polychlorinated Naphthalene (PCN) Sodium Cyanide (HxCN) Perfluorinated Compounds (PFC) Trichloroethylene (TCE) Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) Mechanisms of Intoxification of POPs Epigenetic Mechanisms of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanisms of Intoxification Pesticides Effects on Health Mechanisms of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification of POPs Benzene Effects on Health Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Chemicals Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanisms of Intoxification Air Pollution Indoor Pollution The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Epigenetic Mechanisms of Intoxification Outdoors Pollution The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Alcohol Effects on Health Tobacco Smoking Effects on Health Mechanisms of Intoxification Executive Summary References Persistent Organic Pollutants Air Pollution Alcohol, Tobacco Smoking 6. Endocrine Disruptors Endocrine Disruptors The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Phthalates The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Bisphenols (BPs) The Metals, Their Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Intoxification Epigenetic Mechanism of Intoxification Parabens The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Pesticides The Chemicals, Thier Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Thalidomide, α-Phthalimido-Glutarimide Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Dibutyltin (DBT) The Chemicals, Their Forms, and Their Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Executive Summary References Endocrine Disruptors Cosmetics Chemicals in Consumer Sources Workplace Exposures in the US Biomass Management Managing Microplastics and Soil Contamination 7. Mechanisms of Aging and Cancer Molecular Models Implicated in Aging and the Development of Cancer Senescence: The Mechanism of Aging Senescence as a Mark of the Proinflammatory Profile Executive Summary References 8. The Food as an Antioxidant System The Food as a Complex Antioxidant System Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as a Cause of Disease The Microbiome A Balanced Diet Natural Antioxidants Vitamins The Chemical Structure, Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Plant Pigments: Carotenoids The Chemical Structure, Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Polyphenols The Chemical Structure, Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Mechanism of Action Soya The Chemical Structure, Forms, and Distribution in the Environment Effects on Health Mechanism of Action Beverages Genetically Modified Products Executive Summary References The Food as a Complex Antioxidant System Phytochemicals Genetically Modified Products 9. Reprogramming Reprogramming Epigenetic Changes in Behavioral, Neurodevelopmental, Psychiatric, and Neurodegenerative Diseases Childhood Neurodevelopmental Diseases Psychiatric Disorders Neurodegenerative Disorders Conclusion Executive Summary References Reprogramming Epigenetic Changes in Behavioral, Psychiatric Neurodevelopmental, and Neurodegenerative Diseases Index