ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK ON PHYSICS VOLUME 3 OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES OPTICS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

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Front Cover......Page 1 Front Jacket......Page 2 Title Page......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 Preface to the First Russian Edition......Page 16 1.2. Oscillatory Systems. Free Oscillations......Page 18 1.3. Pendulum Kinematics of Oscillations......Page 20 1.4. Vibrations of a Timing Fork......Page 21 1.5. Harmonic Oscillations. Frequency......Page 23 1.6. Phase Shift......Page 26 1.7. Dynamics of Pendulum Oscillations......Page 28 1.8. Formula for the Period of a Simple Pendulum......Page 30 1.9. Elastic Vibrations......Page 32 1.10. Torsional Vibrations......Page 34 1.11. Effect of Friction. Damping......Page 35 1.12. Forced Vibrations......Page 38 1.13. Resonance......Page 39 1.14. Effect of Friction on Resonance Phenomena......Page 41 1.15. Examples of Resonance Phenomena......Page 42 1.16. Resonance Phenomena Induced by an Anharmonic Periodic Force......Page 44 1.17. The Relation Between the Form and Harmonic Composition of Periodic Oscillations......Page 47 2.1. Acoustic Vibrations......Page 51 2.2. Subject of Acoustics......Page 52 2.3. Musical Tone. Laudness and Pitch......Page 53 2.4. Tembre......Page 54 2.5. Acoustic Resonance......Page 56 2.6. Recording and Reproduction of Sounds......Page 58 2.7. Analysis and Synthesis of Sound......Page 59 2.8. Noises......Page 60 3.1. Electric Oscillations and Methods of Their Observation......Page 63 3.2. Oscillatory Circuit......Page 66 3.3. Mechanical Analogy. Thomson Formula......Page 69 3.4. Electric Resonance......Page 72 3.5. Undamped Oscillations. Self-Excited Oscillatory Systems......Page 75 3.6. Valve Oscillator......Page 78 3.7. Theory of Oscillations......Page 80 4.1. Waves......Page 84 4.2. Wave Propagation Velocity......Page 86 4.3. Radiolocation, Hydroacoustic Detection and Sound Ranging......Page 88 4.4. Transverse Waves in a Cord......Page 90 4.5. Longitudinal Waves in an Air Column......Page 93 4.6. Waves on the Surface of a Liquid......Page 96 4.7. Energy Transfer by Waves......Page 98 4.8. Reflection of Waves......Page 101 4.9. Diffraction......Page 103 4.10. Directional Emission......Page 105 5.1. Superposition of Waves......Page 108 5.2. Interference of Waves......Page 109 5.3. Conditions for Formation of Interference Maxima and Minima......Page 111 5.4. Interference of Acoustic Waves......Page 113 5.5. Standing Waves......Page 114 5.6. Vibrations of Elastic Bodies as Standing Waves......Page 116 5.7. Free Vibrations of a String......Page 117 5.8. Standing Waves in Plates and Other Extended Bodies......Page 120 5.9. Resonance in the Presence of Many Frequencies......Page 122 5.10. Conditions for a Perfect Sound Emission......Page 124 5.11. Binaural Phase Effect. Sound Direction Finding......Page 126 6.1. Electromagnetic Waves......Page 128 6.2. Conditions for a Perfect Emission of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 129 6.3. Oscillator and Aerials......Page 130 6.4. Hertz’ Experiments on Electromagnetic Waves. Lebedev’s Experiments......Page 134 6.5. Electromagnetic Theory of Light. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 137 6.6. Experiments with Electromagnetic Waves......Page 139 6.7. Popov’s Invention of Radio......Page 146 6.8. Modern Radio Communication......Page 149 6.9. Other Applications of Radio......Page 152 6.10. Propagation of Radio Waves......Page 154 6.11. Concluding Remarks......Page 158 7.1. Effects of Light......Page 162 7.2. Interference of Light. Colours of Thin Films......Page 164 7.3. Brief Information from the History of Optics......Page 165 8.1. Radiant Energy. Luminous Flux......Page 167 8.2. Point Sources of Light......Page 168 8.3. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance......Page 170 8.4. Laws of Illumination......Page 171 8.5. Units of Photometric Quantities......Page 173 8.6. Brightness of Sources......Page 174 8.7. Problems of Lighting Engineering......Page 176 8.8. Appliances for Concentrating Luminous Flux......Page 177 8.9. Reflectors and Scatterers......Page 178 8.10. Brightness of Illuminated Surfaces.......Page 181 8.11. Photometry and Measuring Instruments......Page 182 9.1. Rectilinearity of Wave Propagation......Page 187 9.2. Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Light Rays......Page 188 9.3. Laws of Reflection and Refraction of Light......Page 193 9.4. Reversibility of Light Rays......Page 197 9.5. Refractive Index......Page 199 9.6. Total Internal Reflection......Page 202 9.7. Refraction in a Plane-parallel Plate......Page 205 9.8. Refraction in a Prism......Page 206 10.1. Light Source and Its Image......Page 209 10.2. Refraction in a Lens. Focal Points......Page 210 10.3. Images of Points Located on the Principal Optical Axis of a Lens. Lens Equation......Page 215 10.4. Applications of the Thin Lens Equation. Real and Virtual Images......Page 217 10.5. Image of a Point Source and of an Extended Object Formed by a Plane Mirror. Image of a Point Source Formed by a Spherical Mirror......Page 221 10.6. Focal Point and Focal Length of a Spherical Mirror......Page 224 10.7. Relation Between the Positions of a Source and Its Image on the Principal Optical Axis of a Spherical Mirror......Page 225 10.8. Methods of Preparation of Lenses and Mirrors......Page 226 10.9. Images of Extended Objects Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses......Page 227 10.10. Magnification of Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses......Page 228 10.11. Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses......Page 230 10.12. Optical Power of Lenses......Page 235 11.2. Principal Planes and Principal Points of a System......Page 237 11.4. Magnification of a System......Page 239 11.5. Drawbacks of Optical Systems......Page 240 11.6. Spherical Aberration......Page 241 11.7. Astigmatism......Page 244 11.8. Chromatic Aberration......Page 245 11.9. Confinement of Beam Cross Sectionsin Optical Systems......Page 246 11.10. Lens Aperture......Page 247 11.11. Brightness of Image......Page 248 12.1. Projection Optical Instruments......Page 251 12.2. Photographic Camera......Page 253 12.3. The Human Eye as an Optical System......Page 255 12.4. Optical Instruments Outfitting the Eye......Page 257 12.5. Magnifying Glasses......Page 259 12.6. Microscopes......Page 261 12.8. Telescopes......Page 263 12.9. Magnification of Telescopes......Page 265 12.10. Telescopes in Astronomy......Page 266 12.11. Image Brightness for Extended and Point Sources......Page 270 12.13. Binocular Vision and Sensation of Depth. Stereoscopes......Page 272 13.2. Experimental Realization of Interference of Light......Page 277 13.3. Explanation of Thin Film Colours......Page 281 13.4. Newton’s Rings......Page 282 13.5. Calculation of Wavelength of Light with the Help of Newton’s Rings......Page 284 14.1. Bundles of Rays and the Shape of Wave Surface......Page 287 14.2. Huygens’ Principle......Page 288 14.3. Reflection and Refraction from the Viewpoint of Huygens’ Principle......Page 289 14.4. Huygens’ Principle in Fresnel Interpretation......Page 291 14.5. Simple Diffraction Phenomena......Page 292 14.6. Explanation of Diffraction by Fresnel’s Method......Page 295 14.7. Resolving .Power of Optical Instruments......Page 296 14.8. Diffraction Grating......Page 299 14.9. Diffraction Grating as a Spectral Instrument......Page 301 14.11. Diffraction at an Oblique Incidence of Light on a Grating......Page 302 15.1. Photography and Holography......Page 304 15.2. Holographic Recording with a Plane Reference Wave......Page 307 15.3. Obtaining Optical Images by Reconstructing the Wave Front......Page 310 15.4. Holographing by Opposing Light Beam Method......Page 313 15.5. Application of Holography to Optical Interferometry......Page 315 16.1. Passage of Light Through Tourmaline......Page 320 16.2. Hypotheses Explaining Observed Phenomena. Polarized Light......Page 321 16.3. Mechanical Model of Polarization......Page 322 16.5. Thinsverse Nature of Light Waves and Electromagnetic Theory of Light......Page 323 17.1. Methods of Investigating Electromagnetic Waves of Different Wavelengths......Page 325 17.2. Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 326 17.3. Discovery of X-rays......Page 327 17.4. Effects of X-rays......Page 329 17.5. X-ray Ihbe......Page 330 17.6. Origination and Nature of X-rays......Page 331 17.7. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 332 18.1. First Attempts to Determine the Speed of Light......Page 334 18.2. Determination of the Speed of Light by Roemer......Page 335 18.3. Measurement of the Speed of Lightby Rotating-Mirror Method......Page 336 19.2. Main Discovery of Newton in Optics......Page 339 19.3. Interpretation of Newton’s Observations......Page 341 19.4. Dispersion of Refractive Indicesfor Different Materials......Page 342 19.5. Complementary Colours......Page 343 19.6. Spectral Composition of Light Emitted by Various Sources......Page 345 19.7. Light and Colours of Bodies......Page 346 19.8. Absorption, Reflection and Transmission Coefficients......Page 347 19.10. Coloured Bodies Illuminated by Coloured Light......Page 348 19.11. Masking and Unmasking......Page 349 19.12. Colour Saturation......Page 350 19.13. Colour of the Sky and Dawns......Page 351 20.1. Spectroscopic Instrumentation......Page 354 20.2. types of Emission Spectra......Page 355 20.3. Origin of Different Types of Spectra......Page 357 20.4. Spectral Laws......Page 358 20.5. Spectral Analysis Using Emission Spectra......Page 359 20.7. Absorption Spectra of Atoms. Fraunhofer Lines......Page 362 20.8. Investigation of Red-Hot Bodies. Blackbody......Page 363 20.9. Temperature Dependence of Emission of Red-Hot Bodies. Incandescent Lamps......Page 365 20.10. Optical Pyrometry......Page 366 21.1. Action of Light on a Substance. Photoelectric Effect......Page 368 21.2. Laws of Photoelectric Effect......Page 369 21.3. Light Quanta......Page 372 21.4. Application of Photoelectric Phenomena......Page 374 21.5. Photoluminescence. Stokes’ Shift......Page 376 21.7. Luminescent Analysis......Page 378 21.8. Photochemical Action of Light......Page 379 21.10. Photography......Page 380 21.11. Photochemical Theory of Vision......Page 384 21.12. Duration of Visual Sensation......Page 386 22.1. Atoms......Page 393 22.2. Avogadro’s Constant. Size and Mass of Atoms......Page 394 22.3. Elementary Electric Charge......Page 396 22.4. Units of Charge, Mass and Energy in Atomic Physics......Page 399 22.5. Measurement of Mass of Charged Particles. Mass Spectrograph......Page 400 22.6. Electron Mass. Velocity Dependence of Electron Mass......Page 403 22.7. Einstein’s Law......Page 405 22.8. Mass of Atoms. Isotopes......Page 408 22.9. Isotope Separation. Heavy Water......Page 410 22.10. Nuclear Model of Atom......Page 412 22.11. Energy Levels of Atoms......Page 415 22.12. Induced Emission of Light. Quantum Generators......Page 420 22.13. Hydrogen Atom. Peculiarities of Motion of an Electron in an Atom......Page 424 22.14. Many-Electron Atoms. Origin of Optical and X-Ray Spectra of Atoms......Page 428 22.15. Mendeleev’s Periodic System of Elements......Page 429 22.16. Quantum and Wave Properties of Photons......Page 432 22.17. Fundamentals of Quantum (Wave) Mechanics......Page 438 23.1. Discovery of Radioactivity. Radioactive Elements......Page 446 23.2. Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Radiation. Wilson Cloud Chamber.......Page 448 23.3. Methods of Detecting Charged Particles......Page 453 23.4. Properties of Radioactive Radiation......Page 456 23.5. Radioactive Decay and Radioactive Thinsformations......Page 460 23.7. Accelerators......Page 464 24.1. Nuclear Reactions......Page 470 24.2. Nuclear Reactions and Transformation of Elements......Page 472 243. Properties of Neutrons......Page 473 24.4. Nuclear Reactions Induced by Neutrons......Page 475 24.5. Artificial Radioactivity......Page 477 24.6. Positron......Page 479 24.7. Application of Einstein’s Law to Annihilation and Pair Formation......Page 481 24.8. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei......Page 482 24.9. Nuclear Energy. Energy Sources of Stars......Page 485 24.10. Uranium Fission. Chain Nuclear Reaction......Page 488 24.11. Application of Nondecaying Chain Fission Reaction. Atom and Hydrogen Bombs......Page 493 24.12. Nuclear Reactors and Their Applications......Page 495 25.1. General Remarks......Page 503 25.2. Neutrino......Page 505 25.3. Nuclear Forces. Mesons......Page 507 25.4. Particles and Antiparticles......Page 511 25.5. Particles and Interactions......Page 516 25.6. Detectors of Elementary Particles......Page 518 25.7. Clock Paradox......Page 523 25.8. Cosmic Radiation (Cosmic Rays)......Page 524 26.1. Accelerators and Experimental Technology......Page 528 26.2. Hadrons and Quarks......Page 533 26.3. Quark Structure of Hadrons......Page 542 26.4. Quark Model and Formation and Decay of Hadrons......Page 543 26.5. Leptons. Intermediate Bosons. The Unity of All Interactions......Page 547 Part I Oscillations and Waves......Page 551 Part II Geometrical Optics......Page 553 Part III Physical Optics......Page 556 Part IV Atomic and Nuclear Physics......Page 557 Conclusion......Page 562 Index......Page 565 Back Jacket......Page 577 Back Cover......Page 578