Medical Imaging: Techniques, Reflection and Evaluation

Description

Medical Imaging has been revised and updated to reflect the current role and responsibilities of the radiographer, a role that continues to extend as the 21st century progresses. This comprehensive book covers the full range of medical imaging methods/techniques which all students and professionals must understand, and discusses them related to imaging principles, radiation dose, patient condition, body area and pathologies. There is comprehensive, up-to-date, referencing for all chapters, with full image evaluation criteria and a systematic approach to fault recognition.;Front cover; Half title page; Dedication; Medical Imaging: Techniques, Reflection and Evaluation; Copyright page; Table of Contents; Foreword; Preface to first edition; Preface; Acknowledgements; List of contributors; Abbreviations; 1 Imaging principles; 1 Digital imaging; Introduction; Advantages of digital images; Computed radiography; Components of a CR system; The CR imaging plate; The CR cassette; The image reader; CR image formation; Advantages of CR vs film/screen radiography; Disadvantages of CR vs film/screen radiography; DIRECT Digital radiography; Amorphous silicon (aSi) FPD. Front cover Half title page Dedication Medical Imaging: Techniques, Reflection and Evaluation Copyright page Table of Contents Foreword Preface to first edition Preface Acknowledgements List of contributors Abbreviations 1 Imaging principles 1 Digital imaging Introduction Advantages of digital images Computed radiography Components of a CR system The CR imaging plate The CR cassette The image reader CR image formation Advantages of CR vs film/screen radiography Disadvantages of CR vs film/screen radiography DIRECT Digital radiography Amorphous silicon (aSi) FPD. Amorphous selenium (aSe) FPDDevelopments in FPD Digital image display Cathode ray tube (CRT) LCD panels Image resolution Image storage Digital image manipulation Digital image processing Histogram analysis Exposure control The characteristic curve and inherent response of CR and DDR systems Digital system response and LUT Multifrequency processing Quality assurance Quality control for CR Acceptance testing and annual tests Routine QC tests [performed every 3 months] Quality control for DDR Implementing a digital imaging system Common errors Conclusions References. 2 Film/screen imagingIntroduction Imaging plates Intensifying screens and film emulsion technology The X-ray cassette Radiographic film Film manufacture Film construction (Fig. 2.1) Base Photographic emulsion Effect of exposure on silver halides The latent image Types of film Intensifying screens Screen construction (Fig. 2.3) Base Substratum Phosphor layer Luminescence Fluorescence (Fig. 2.4) Phosphorescence Types of phosphor Quantum detection efficiency (QDE or absorption efficiency) Conversion efficiency Spectral sensitivity and spectral emission. Factors affecting screen performanceCrossover (Fig. 2.7) Other factors Comparison of film/screen systems Asymmetric screen/film systems References 3 Exposure factors, manipulation and dose Image quality Density Contrast Unsharpness Exposure factor selection Exposure indicators System sensitivity: S number Exposure index (EI) lgM Dosimetry References 2 Skeletal radiography 4 Introduction to skeletal, chest and abdominal radiography Projection names Patient preparation Image recording (CR cassettes and digital plates). Change in terminology for focus film and object film distancesAnatomical markers Image identification Exposure factors -- evaluation of images Dose reduction methods Specific notes for Section 2: Skeletal radiography Commonly encountered pathologies that affect the skeleton and its articulations Acromegaly Ankylosing spondylitis Bone age Chondrosarcoma Enchondroma Gout Metastases Myeloma Osteoarthritis Osteochondritis Osteomalacia Osteomyelitis Osteoporosis Osteosarcoma Paget's disease Perthes' disease Rheumatoid arthritis Trauma Avulsion fractures.