Power Electronics, Drives, and Advanced Applications

Description

Concern for reliable power supply and energy-efficient system design has led to usage of power electronics-based systems, including efficient electric power conversion and power semiconductor devices. This book provides integration of complete fundamental theory, design, simulation and application of power electronics, and drives covering up-to-date subject components. It contains twenty-one chapters arranged in four sections on power semiconductor devices, basic power electronic converters, advanced power electronics converters, power supplies, electrical drives and advanced applications. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering and power electronics including related professionals, this book - Includes electrical drives such as DC motor, AC motor, special motor, high performance motor drives, solar, electrical/hybrid vehicle and fuel cell drives - Reviews advances in renewable energy technologies (wind, PV, hybrid power systems) and their integration - Explores topics like distributed generation, microgrid, and wireless power transfer system - Includes simulation examples using MATLAB(R)/Simulink and over four hundred solved, unsolved and review problems Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgment Authors SECTION I: Power Semiconductor Devices Chapter 1: Overview of Power Electronics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Power Electronics Systems 1.3 Power Semiconductor Devices 1.4 Power Electronic Converters 1.5 Power Electronic Modules 1.6 Applications of Power Electronics 1.7 Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Circuits 1.7.1 Importance of Simulation 1.7.2 Benefits of Computer-Aided Simulation 1.7.3 Demerits of Computer-Aided Simulation 1.7.4 Simulation Tools Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 2: Power Semiconductor Devices 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Power Diode 2.2.1 Working and V-I Characteristics 2.2.2 Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics 2.3 DIAC 2.4 TRIAC 2.5 Characteristics of Power Transistors 2.5.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor 2.5.1.1 Steady-State Characteristics 2.5.1.2 Switching Characteristics of a BJT 2.5.2 Power MOSFETs 2.5.3 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor 2.6 Characteristics of the Thyristor 2.6.1 Static V-I Characteristics of a Thyristor 2.6.1.1 Reverse Blocking Mode (RBM) 2.6.1.2 Forward Blocking Mode 2.6.1.3 Forward Conducting Mode 2.6.2 Switching Characteristics of a Thyristor 2.6.3 Thyristor Gate Characteristics 2.7 Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Thyristor 2.7.1 Static V-I Characteristics 2.7.2 Switching Characteristics of GTO 2.8 Two-Transistor Model of a Thyristor Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 3: Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 3.1 Introduction 3.2 SCR Construction 3.2.1 Planer Diffused 3.2.2 Alloy Diffused 3.3 Specifications and Ratings 3.3.1 Voltage Ratings 3.3.2 Current Ratings 3.4 Methods of Turn On 3.4.1 Gate Triggering 3.4.2 Forward Voltage Triggering 3.4.3 dv/dt Triggering 3.4.4 Temperature Triggering 3.4.5 Light Triggering 3.5 Firing (Triggering) Circuits for SCR 3.5.1 Resistance (R) Triggering Circuit 3.5.2 Resistance-Capacitance (RC) Triggering Circuit 3.5.3 UJT Relaxation Oscillator 3.6 Series and Parallel Operation of SCR 3.6.1 Series-Connected SCRs 3.6.2 Parallel-Connected SCRs 3.7 String Efficiency 3.8 Protection of SCR 3.8.1 Overvoltage Protection 3.8.2 Overcurrent Protection 3.8.3 dv/dt Protection 3.8.4 di/dt Protection 3.8.5 Gate Protection 3.9 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading SECTION II: Power Electronic Converters Chapter 4: Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Classifications 4.3 Performance Indices for Line-Commutated Converter 4.4 Single-Phase Converters 4.4.1 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with R Load 4.4.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with RL Load 4.4.3 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with RL Load and Freewheeling Diode (FD) 4.4.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave-Controlled Converter 4.4.4.1 Single-Phase Full-Wave Mid-Point Rectifier with R Load 4.4.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge-Type- Controlled Rectifier with R Load 4.4.4.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge-Type-Controlled Rectifier with RL Load 4.4.5 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with RLE Load 4.4.6 Single-Phase Full Converter with RLE Load and Discontinuous Conduction 4.5 Three-Phase Converters 4.5.1 Three-Phase Half-Wave Converters with RL Load 4.5.2 Three-Phase Full Converter 4.6 Dual Converters 4.6.1 Ideal Dual Converter 4.6.2 Practical Dual Converter 4.6.2.1 Dual Converter without Circulating Current 4.6.2.2 Dual Converter with Circulating Current 4.6.3 Single-Phase Dual Converter 4.6.4 Three-Phase Dual Converters 4.7 Effect of Source Impedance 4.7.1 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier with Source and Load Inductance 4.8 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 5: Semiconverters 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Single-Phase Semiconverter with RL Load 5.3 Three-Phase Semiconverter with RL Load 5.4 Power Factor Improvement 5.4.1 Extinction Angle Control (EAC) 5.4.2 Symmetrical Angle Control (SAC) 5.4.3 Pulse Width Modulation Control 5.4.4 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Control 5.5 Inversion Operation 5.6 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 6: Chopper 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chopper Classifications 6.3 Principle of Chopper Operation 6.4 Control Strategies 6.4.1 Time Ratio Control 6.4.2 Current Limit Control 6.5 Step Up/Down Chopper 6.6 Chopper Configurations 6.6.1 First-Quadrant or Type-A Chopper 6.6.2 Second-Quadrant or Type-B Chopper 6.6.3 Two-Quadrant Type-A Chopper or Type-C Chopper 6.6.4 Two-Quadrant Type-B Chopper or Type-D Chopper 6.6.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper or Type-E Chopper 6.7 Analysis of Type-A (Step-Down) Chopper 6.7.1 With Resistive Load 6.7.2 With RLE Load 6.7.2.1 Steady-State Ripple 6.7.2.2 Limits of Continuous Conduction 6.7.2.3 Computation of Extinction Time (tx) 6.7.2.4 AC Ripple Voltage (Vr) 6.7.2.5 Ripple Factor (RF) 6.8 Commutation of Chopper 6.8.1 Voltage-Commutated Chopper (Classical Chopper or Parallel Capacitor Turn-Off Chopper) 6.8.2 Current-Commutated Chopper 6.8.3 Load-Commutated Chopper 6.9 Switched-Mode Regulators 6.10 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 7: DC-to-AC Converter: Inverter 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Classifications 7.3 Performance Parameters of Inverters 7.4 Voltage Source Inverters 7.4.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 7.4.1.1 With RL and RLC Overdamped Loads 7.4.1.2 With RLC Underdamped Load 7.4.1.3 Fourier Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Output Voltage 7.4.2 Three-Phase VSI Bridge Inverter 7.4.2.1 Three-Phase 180-degree Mode VSI 7.4.2.2 Three-Phase 120-degree Mode VSI 7.4.2.3 Merits and Demerits of 180°- and 120°-Mode VSIs 7.5 Current Source Inverters 7.5.1 Single-Phase CSI 7.5.2 Three-Phase CSI 7.6 CSI versus VSI 7.7 Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters 7.7.1 Control of Input DC Voltage 7.7.2 External Control of AC Output Voltage 7.7.3 Internal Control of Inverters 7.8 Pulse-Width Modulation 7.8.1 Single Pulse-Width Modulation 7.8.2 Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation 7.8.3 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation 7.9 Advanced Modulation Techniques 7.9.1 Trapezoidal Modulation 7.9.2 Staircase Modulation 7.9.3 Stepped Modulation 7.9.4 Harmonic-Injected Modulation 7.9.5 Delta Modulation 7.10 Space Vector Modulation 7.10.1 Implementation of Space Vector PWM 7.11 Harmonic Reduction 7.12 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 8: AC Voltage Controllers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principle of On-Off Control 8.3 Principle of Phase Control 8.4 Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 8.4.1 Single-Phase Full-Wave AC Voltage Controller with Resistive Load 8.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave AC Voltage Controller with RL Load 8.4.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave AC Voltage Controller with Purely Inductive Load 8.5 Three-Phase Full-Wave AC Voltage Controllers 8.6 Solved Problems Review Questions Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 9: Cycloconverter 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Classifications 9.3 Principle of Operation of Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter 9.3.1 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Step-Up Cycloconverter 9.3.1.1 Midpoint Cycloconverter 9.3.1.2 Bridge-Type Cycloconverter 9.3.2 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Step-Down Cycloconverter 9.3.2.1 Bridge-Type Cycloconverter 9.3.2.2 Midpoint Cycloconverter 9.4 Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters 9.5 Three-Phase to Three-Phase Cycloconverters 9.6 Output Voltage Equation for the Cycloconverter 9.7 Reduction of Output Harmonics 9.8 Solved Problems Review Questions Unsolved Problems Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 10: Switched-Mode Power Supplies 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Basic Working of Switched-Mode Power Supply 10.2.1 Forward-Mode-Type Switching Regulator 10.2.2 Flyback-Mode-Type Switching Regulator 10.3 Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 10.3.1 Flyback Switched-Mode Power Supply 10.3.2 Push-Pull Switched-Mode Power Supply 10.3.3 Half-Bridge Switched-Mode Power Supply 10.3.4 Full-Bridge Switched-Mode Power Supply 10.4 Resonant DC Power Supplies 10.5 Bidirectional DC Power Supplies Review Questions Summary Main Formulas of the Chapter References/Further Reading Chapter 11: Multipulse Converter 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Multipulse Converter 11.2.1 Unidirectional AC-DC Converters 11.2.1.1 12-Pulse AC-DC Converters 11.2.1.2 18-Pulse AC-DC Converters 11.2.1.3 24-Pulse AC-DC Converters 11.3 Multilevel Inverters 11.3.1 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter 11.3.2 Neutral Point-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 11.3.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (FCMLI) 11.4 Power Converter Switching Techniques 11.4.1 Hysteresis Current Control of Inverters 11.4.2 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Techniques 11.4.2.1 Sinusoidal PWM 11.4.2.2 Phase-Opposition Sinusoidal PWM 11.4.2.3 In-Phase Sinusoidal PWM 11.4.2.4 Third-Harmonic Injection Sinusoidal PWM (THISPWM) 11.4.2.5 Three-Phase Two-Level SVPWM 11.5 Resonant Converters 11.5.1 Soft-Switching Topologies 11.5.1.1 Resonant Load Converters 11.5.1.2 Resonant Switch Converters 11.5.1.3 Flyback Converter 11.5.1.4 Switched Mode Power Conversion (SMPC) with Regulated DC Source 11.5.1.5 Phase-Shift Bridge 11.5.1.6 Parallel Resonant Converter 11.5.1.7 Multielement Resonant Converters 11.6 Dual Active-Bridge Converter 11.7 Three-Phase AC-AC Matrix Converter 11.7.1 Three-Phase to Three-Phase DMC Modeling 11.7.2 Space Vector PWM 11.7.3 Commutation Methods in DMC 11.7.4 Deadtime Commutation 11.7.5 Current Commutation Based on Multiple Steps 11.7.6 Simulation Results Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading SECTION III: Electrical Drives Chapter 12: Introduction of Electrical Drives 12.1 Electric Drives Concepts 12.1.1 Electrical Motors 12.1.2 Power Modulator 12.1.3 Sources 12.1.4 Controller 12.1.5 Load Torques 12.2 Advantages of Electrical Drives 12.3 Characteristics of an Electrical Drive 12.4 Classifications 12.5 Quadrant Operation of the Drive 12.5.1 One Quadrant 12.5.2 Two Quadrants 12.6 Four-Quadrant Operation of Electrical Drives 12.7 Constant-Torque Drive 12.8 Constant-Power Drive 12.9 Nature and Components of Load 12.9.1 Fan-Type Load 12.9.2 Load Torque as a Function of Position 12.9.3 Hoisting Load 12.9.4 Load Torque as a Function of Angle of Shaft Displacement 12.9.5 Load Torques Varying with Time 12.10 Combined Motor Load Dynamics 12.11 Equivalent System 12.11.1 Equivalent Load Torque Referred to the Motor 12.11.2 Equivalent Moment of Inertia 12.11.3 Relating Translation Motion to Rotational Motor 12.12 Practical Determination of Moment of Inertia 12.12.1 Retardation Test 12.13 Rating of Electrical Drives 12.13.1 Heating Affects All Machines during Running Produce Losses 12.13.2 Loading Conditions 12.13.3 Load Inertia 12.13.4 Environmental Factors 12.14 Selection of Electrical Drives 12.14.1 Drive Considerations 12.15 Guides for Selection of Electrical Motors 12.16 Solved Problems Review Questions Unsolved Problems Summary References Chapter 13: Control of DC Motor Drives 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Basics of DC Machines 13.2.1 Shunt and Separately Excited DC Motors 13.2.2 DC Series Motor 13.3 Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Characteristics of DC Motors 13.3.1 Separately Excited DC Motor 13.3.2 DC Series Motor 13.4 Effect of Change in Load Torque 13.5 Speed Control of DC Motors 13.6 Phase-Controlled Rectifier Control of DC Motor 13.6.1 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Control of DC Separately Excited Motor Drive 13.6.2 Single-Phase Half-Controlled Rectifier (or Semiconverter) Control of DC Separately Excited Motor Drive 13.6.3 Three-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Control of DC Separately Excited Motor Drive 13.6.4 Three-Phase Half-Controlled Rectifier Control of Separately Excited DC Motor 13.7 Chopper Control of DC Motor 13.7.1 Chopper Control of Separately Excited DC Motors 13.7.2 Chopper Control of DC Series Motor 13.8 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 14: Control of Induction Motor Drives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Basics of the Induction Motor 14.3 Modeling and Characteristics of Induction Drives 14.4 No-Load Current of a Three-Phase Motor 14.5 Starting Performance of the Three-Phase Induction Motor 14.6 Modifying Torque-Speed Characteristics of the Three-Phase Induction Motors 14.6.1 Varying the Supply Voltage 14.6.2 Constant V/f Control 14.6.3 Adding Impedance in the Stator Circuit 14.6.4 Adding Resistance in the Rotor Circuit 14.6.5 Voltage Injection—The Rotor Circuit 14.6.6 Pole-Changing Drive 14.6.7 Pole-Amplitude Modulation 14.7 Transient Stability 14.8 Braking of the Induction Motor 14.8.1 Regenerative Braking 14.8.2 Plugging 14.8.3 Dynamic Braking 14.9 Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors 14.9.1 Stator Voltage Control Method 14.9.2 Variable-Frequency Control Method 14.9.3 Rotor-Resistance Control 14.9.4 Injection of Voltage in the Rotor Circuit 14.10 Slip Power Control Using Power Semiconductor Converter 14.10.1 Static Rotor-Resistance Control 14.10.2 Static Scherbius Drive 14.10.3 Static Kramer Drive 14.11 Solved Examples Review and Unsolved Questions Summary References Chapter 15: FPGA-Based Fuzzy-Logic Control of DTC for Matrix-Converter-Fed Induction-Motor Drives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Various Controllers for Induction Motor Drives 15.3 Integrated Circuits for IM Drives 15.4 Details of IM Drive under Investigation 15.4.1 Direct-Torque Control for Matrix-Converter-Fed Induction-Motor Drive 15.4.2 Estimation of Flux and Electromagnetic Torque 15.4.3 Development of Developed Fuzzy-Logic Controller 15.4.4 Control Implementation on the FPGA Board 15.5 Simulation Results of Performance Comparison between Developed Fuzzy-Logic DTC-Controller- Based IM Drive and Conventional DTC-Based IM Drive 15.5.1 Response of the System at Constant Reference Speed 100 rad/s and No-Load Condition 15.5.2 Response of the System with Reference Speed Reversal at No-Load Condition 15.6 Experimental Results of Developed FLDTC-Based MC-Fed IM Drive 15.6.1 Response of the Drive with Constant Reference Speed (500 rpm) at No-Load Condition 15.6.2 Stability Analysis of the Developed System 15.6.3 Harmonic Analysis Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 16: Control of Synchronous and Special Motor Drives 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Basics of the Synchronous Motor 16.3 Speed Control of the Synchronous Motor 16.3.1 True Synchronous Mode 16.3.2 Self-Controlled Mode 16.4 Stepper Motor 16.5 Variable-Reluctance Motor 16.5.1 Single-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motor 16.5.2 Multistack Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motor 16.6 Permanent-Magnet Motors 16.7 Hybrid Stepper Motor 16.8 Drive Circuits for Stepper Motors Unsolved Problems Summary References SECTION IV: Advanced Power electronics Applications Chapter 17: Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Power-Train Architectures 17.2.1 Major Characteristics of BEVs, HEVs, and FCVs 17.2.2 Different Functions of the Various HEV Architectures 17.3 Drivetrain Analysis 17.3.1 BEV Drivetrain Topology 17.3.2 Series HEV Drivetrain Topology 17.3.3 Parallel HEV Drivetrain Topology 17.3.4 Series-Parallel HEV Drivetrain Topology 17.3.5 FCV Drivetrain Topology 17.4 Vibration and Vehicle Dynamics 17.4.1 Vibration 17.4.2 Vehicle Dynamics 17.5 Power Converter for Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 17.5.1 Configurations of Engine-Based HEV 17.5.2 Configurations of FCV 17.5.3 Basic Bidirectional DC-DC Converters 17.5.4 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters 17.5.5 Multiphase Bidirectional DC-DC Converters 17.6 Vehicular Power Electronics 17.6.1 Power Converters for DC Motor Drives 17.6.2 Power Converters for AC Motor Drives 17.7 Selection of Motor Drives for Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 17.7.1 Comparative Study 17.7.1.1 DC Motor (DC) 17.7.1.2 Induction Motor 17.7.1.3 Synchronous Motor (PM Brushless Motor) 17.7.1.4 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) 17.8 Solar and Fuel Cell Drives 17.9 PV Array Formations 17.10 Solar-Powered Variable-Speed Drive 17.10.1 Solar-Based Electric Vehicles 17.10.2 Solar-Based Pump Drive 17.11 Fuel-Cell-Powered Electrical Drives 17.12 Solved Problems Review Questions and Unsolved Problems Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 18: Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems 18.1 Introduction 18.2 General Aspects of DC Transmission 18.3 Converter Circuits and Their Analysis 18.4 High Voltage DC Transmission 18.5 Mechanism of Active and Reactive Power Flow Control 18.6 Basic FACTS Controllers: SVC, TCR, TSC, STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC 18.6.1 Static VAR Compensator 18.6.2 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR) 18.6.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC) 18.6.4 Static Synchronous Compensator 18.6.5 TCSC 18.6.6 UPFC 18.7 Modeling of FACTS Controllers 18.7.1 Filter Modeling 18.7.2 STATCOM Modeling 18.8 System Dynamic Performance Improvement with FACTS Controllers 18.9 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) 18.10 Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC) 18.11 Power Electronics in Power Generation Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 19: Power Electronics Application in Renewable Energy (Wind and PV) System Integration 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Grid-Connected Converters—Key Element for Grid Integration of WT and PV Systems 19.3 Power Electronics Converters for Renewable Energy Integration 19.3.1 Variable-Speed Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 19.3.2 Variable-Speed Full-Power Converter 19.3.3 Boost Converter 19.4 Photovoltaic Inverter Structure 19.5 Grid Converter Structure for Wind Turbine System 19.5.1 Single-Cell (VSC or CSC) 19.5.2 Medium-Power Converter 19.5.3 High-Power Converter 19.6 Grid Requirements for Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine Systems 19.7 Grid Synchronization Using a Phase-Locked Loop 19.7.1 Basic Structure of a Phase-Locked Loop 19.7.2 Basic Equations of PLL 19.7.3 Linearized Small-Signal Model of a PLL 19.7.4 PLL Based on T/4 Transport Delay 19.7.5 PLL Based on the Inverse Park Transform 19.7.6 Second-Order Generalized Integrator 19.7.7 SOGI-QSG 19.8 Control of Grid Converter under Grid Fault 19.9 Design of Grid Filters 19.10 Solved Problems Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 20: Distributed Generation and Microgrids 20.1 Introduction 20.2 DG and MG Components 20.3 Microsources and Loads 20.4 Power Electronics Interface 20.4.1 DC-Bus Interface 20.4.2 AC-Bus Interface 20.5 Architecture (DC/AC/Hybrid) of Microgrids and Storage Systems 20.5.1 DC Microgrid 20.5.2 AC Microgrid 20.5.3 Hybrid Microgrid 20.5.4 Storage System 20.6 Integration Issues of Distributed Generation and Synchronization 20.6.1 Integration Issues 20.6.2 Grid Synchronization 20.7 Interconnection of Power Electronics Converters with Medium-Voltage Grid 20.8 Stability Aspects in Microgrids 20.8.1 Major Stability Issues in the Microgrid 20.8.2 Stability Improvement in Microgrid 20.9 Islanding Techniques 20.9.1 Active Islanding Detection 20.9.2 Passive Islanding Detection 20.10 Power Electronics in Smart-Grid Applications 20.11 Vehicle-to-Grid Interconnection 20.12 Grid-to-Vehicle Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading Chapter 21: Wireless Power Transfer 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Wireless Charging Landscape 21.3 Wireless Power Transfer Model 21.3.1 Two-Coil Structures 21.3.2 Direct-Fed (DF) Coils 21.4 Magnetic Resonance WPT System 21.4.1 Multiterminal WPT System 21.4.2 Dual and Multiterminal Links 21.5 Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) 21.6 Technology Overview and Concepts of Wireless Charging System 21.6.1 Inductive-Coupling-Based Wireless Charging System 21.6.2 Magnetic-Resonance-Based Wireless Charging System 21.6.3 Microwave-Based Wireless Charging System 21.7 Analysis of Three Resonating Coupled Coils 21.8 Wireless Power Transfer in Online Electric Vehicle 21.9 Hardware Design of Wireless Power Transmitter and Receiver Review Questions Summary References/Further Reading Appendix Index