Raimo Väyrynen: A Pioneer in International Relations, Scholarship and Policy-Making: With a Foreword by Olli Rehn and a Preface by Allan Rosas

Description

This book provides a broad overview of Professor Raimo Väyrynen’s academic work, his role in international research organizations, and his contributions to policy debates. It offers an interesting review of important political issues during the time span of half a century, from disarmament in Europe to the changing relationship between state sovereignty and transnational forces. Väyrynen has dealt with the changing agenda of peace and international relations, security and the arms race, and the world economy. This book provides comprehensive analyses of the regional and systemic structure of international relations, with the emphasis on conflicts and warfare between nations. It argues that while states, even smaller ones, still matter, transnational issues are increasingly important. Taking a historical perspective, the articles suggest that large-scale violence and arms races have been recurrent and cyclical phenomena in international relations. These events reflect the deep-seated inequalities in the political and economic systems which, moreover, vary considerably between regions.  The publication is important reading for any researcher as well as students, policy-makers and the science-oriented public at large. •             Traces the changing agenda of international relations from disarmament and the world economy to the changing relationship between state sovereignty and transnational forces. •             Provides analyses of the regional and systemic structure in international relations, with the emphasis on conflicts and warfare. •             Argues that large-scale violence and the arms race have been recurrent and cyclical phenomena in international relations. •             Reviews important political issues from peace and conflict in Europe to the changing power relationship in the world. Foreword by Olli Rehn A Baby-Boomer Intellectual with Research Topics Ranging from Peace Studies and Arms Control to Small States and Globalization Preface by Allan Rosas A Personal Testimony Acknowledgements Contents Part I The Author 1 My Journey: From the Countryside to the World 1.1 The International Context 1.2 Education 1.2.1 Early Years in the Countryside 1.2.2 Studies at the University of Tampere 1.3 Career 1.3.1 Beginning a Research Career 1.3.2 Professor, Helsinki University 1.3.3 Professorships at Foreign Universities 1.3.4 Director of Kroc Institute, University of Notre Dame 1.3.5 Director, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies 1.3.6 President, the Academy of Finland 1.3.7 Executive Director, Finnish Institute of International Affairs 1.3.8 Chair of the Executive Board, University of Lapland 1.4 Focal Points of Research 1.4.1 Finnish Foreign Policy and Small-State Research 1.4.2 Disarmament and Détente 1.4.3 World-Systems Analysis 1.4.4 Research on Conflicts and Their Resolution 1.4.5 Globalization and Its Impact 1.5 Teaching and Students 1.6 International Research Organizations 1.7 Political and Social Influence 1.7.1 The Palme Commission 1.8 Concluding Remarks 1.9 Attachment: Curriculum Vitae of Raimo Väyrynen 1.9.1 Professor Emeritus 1.9.2 Academic Appointments 1.9.3 Academic Administration 1.9.4 Finnish Academic Associations 1.9.5 International Academic Associations 1.9.6 International Organizations 1.9.7 Public Positions in Finland 1.9.8 Academic Expert Statements 1.9.9 Editorial Positions 2 Comprehensive Bibliography of Raimo Väyrynen Part II Selection of Core Articles: A Small States and Finnish Foreign Policy 3 On the Definition and Measurement of Small Power Status 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Some Possible Properties of Small Powers 3.2.1 Low Rank/Status 3.2.2 High Degree of Penetration by Environment 3.2.3 A Given Type of Behavior 3.2.4 Interests 3.2.5 A Distinct Role 3.3 Concluding Remarks 4 Adaptation of a Small Power to International Tensions: The Case of Finland 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stability in Foreign Policy 4.2.1 The External Environment 4.3 The Domestic Context 4.4 Domestic Responses to External Challenges 4.4.1 The Integration Environment 4.4.2 The Conflict Environment 4.4.3 The Strategic Environment 4.5 Conclusion References Part III Selection of Core Articles: The Arms Race and Warfare 5 Domestic Crises and International Wars 5.1 War: An Act of Violence or a Systemic Shock? 5.2 Explaining Interstate Wars as Specific Acts of Violence 5.2.1 Theories of Hegemonic War 5.2.2 World War I 5.2.3 World War II 5.3 Concluding Observations References 6 Capitalism, War, and Peace: Virtuous or Vicious Cycles 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Feudalism 6.2.1 The Nature of the Feudal System 6.2.2 Feudalism and War 6.2.3 Transitions from Feudalism 6.3 State-Making and War 6.3.1 England 6.3.2 The European Continent 6.3.3 Absolutism and War 6.3.4 The Nature of the Absolutist Armies 6.4 Commercial Capitalism 6.4.1 Ideologies of Trade and Peace 6.4.2 The Development of Commercial Capitalism 6.4.3 Commerce and War 6.5 Industrial Capitalism 6.5.1 Concentration and War 6.6 Digital Capitalism 6.7 Conclusion 7 Economy, Power, and the Arms Race 7.1 Dimensions of Militarization 7.2 Long Waves and Arms Races 7.3 Power Transitions and International Conflicts 7.4 Power Transitions in History 7.5 National Military Efforts 7.5.1 The United States 7.5.2 The Soviet Union 7.5.3 Great Britain 7.6 Military Spending and Economic Development 7.7 Conclusions References 8 Economic Cycles, Power Transitions, Political Management, and Wars Between Major Powers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Long Waves and Economic Cycles 8.3 Power Transitions 8.4 Political Management of International Relations 8.5 Hypotheses on the Occurrence of Wars 8.6 Empirical Assessment of the War Hypotheses References 9 Military Alliances, Nuclear Deterrence and Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones 9.1 Deterrence and Alliances 9.2 Strategic Deterioration 9.3 Abandonment and Reprisal 9.4 NATO and NWFZs 9.5 Security Regimes 9.6 The Nordic Case Part IV Selection of Core Articles: Peace and Conflict Research 10 Peace Research Between Idealism and Realism 10.1 Finnish Peace Research and the Theoretical Realism-Idealism Divide 10.1.1 A Stereotyped Debate 10.1.2 The Simplistic Reception of the Debate 10.1.3 Finnish Peace Research and Positivism 10.2 Beyond Stereotypes: Political Reasons for the Clash 10.2.1 Academic Competition 10.2.2 Foreign Policy Advice 10.3 A Nordic Perspective References 11 To Settle or to Transform: Perspectives on the Resolution of National and International Conflicts 11.1 To Settle or to Transform? 11.2 Collective Violence and Its Transformation 11.3 The Monopoly of Violence and Its Erosion 11.4 Open and Closed Social Systems 11.5 Towards a New Perspective References 12 Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Concepts and Issues 12.1 The Age of Dualism 12.1.1 The Declining State 12.1.2 New Vulnerabilities 12.2 Genocide and War 12.2.1 Genocide and Politicide 12.2.2 Civil Wars 12.2.3 Limits of the CHE Concept 12.3 Complex Humanitarian Emergencies 12.3.1 Human Security and Politics 12.3.2 War Casualties 12.3.3 Disease 12.3.4 Hunger 12.3.5 External and Internal Displacement 12.4 The Operationalization of Humanitarian Crises 12.4.1 The Selection of Cases 12.4.2 Regional Emergencies 12.5 Conclusion 12.6 Appendix References 13 Stable Peace Through Security Communities? Steps Towards Theory-Building 13.1 The Research Puzzle 13.2 Defining the Security Community 13.2.1 Trust and Community 13.2.2 Internal Wars and Security 13.2.3 The Constructivist Challenge 13.2.4 Two Hard Cases 13.2.5 External Actors 13.3 Conclusion References Part V Selection of Core Articles: International Security 14 International Stability and Risky States: The Enforcement of Norms 14.1 When Is a State Risky? 14.2 Power and Norms 14.2.1 The Realist Perspective 14.2.2 The Norm-Based Approach 14.3 Norms Concerning Risky States 14.3.1 Internal Riskiness 14.3.2 External Riskiness 14.3.3 International Riskiness 14.4 Risky States in the ‘New’ International Relations 14.5 Conclusion References 15 Multilateral Security: Common, Cooperative or Collective 15.1 The Conceptual Problem 15.2 Challenges to Traditional Concepts 15.2.1 Economic Security 15.2.2 Environmental Security 15.2.3 Women’s Security 15.2.4 Minorities and Security 15.2.5 Methodological and Operational Issues 15.3 An Operational Solution 15.4 Multilateral Security Systems 15.4.1 Common Security 15.4.2 Cooperative Security 15.4.3 Collective Security 15.4.4 A Comparison 15.5 Threats to Security and Multilateral Responses 16 Common Security: A Metaphor and an Incipient Doctrine 16.1 The Concept of Common Security 16.2 Common Security Regimes 16.3 Toward Common Security in Europe 16.4 Deterrence and Common Security 16.5 Collective Security References Part VI Selection of Core Articles: Globalization, Geopolitics and Global Governance 17 Norms, Compliance and Enforcement of Global Governance 17.1 Introduction 17.2 From National Power to International Norms 17.3 Norms and Rules in International Relations 17.4 Endogenous and Exogenous Enforcement 17.5 Types of Norms and Rules 17.6 Enforcement and Its Limits 17.7 Conclusion References 18 Sovereignty, Globalization, and Transnational Social Movements 18.1 Dimensions of Sovereignty 18.2 Globalization and Sovereignty 18.2.1 Sovereignty and Global Markets 18.2.2 Transaction Costs and Sovereignty 18.2.3 Transnational Spaces and Networks 18.3 Globalization and Transnational Movements 18.4 Transnational Movements and Sovereignty 18.5 Conclusion References 19 World Economy and Geopolitics: The Case of Brazil 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Commodity Cycles and Economic Development 19.3 Territoriality and Political Development 19.4 New Forms of Expansion 19.5 The Brazilian School of Geopolitics 19.6 Geopolitics of the Interwar Years 19.7 Geopolitics of the Postwar Years 19.8 The South Atlantic and the Antarctic References Part VII Selection of Core Articles: Regionalism and International Structure 20 Regional Conflict Formations: An Intractable Problem of International Relations 20.1 Why and How to Study Regional Subsystems? 20.2 Types of Regional Subsystems 20.3 Regional Conflict Formations 20.3.1 Regional Systems and International Order 20.3.2 Forms of Regional Order 20.4 The Middle East 20.5 Other Conflict Formations 20.6 Causation in Regional Conflict Formations 20.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 20.7 Rebellious Periphery 20.8 Reactions of Great Power References 21 Regionalism: Old and New 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Defining Regions 21.2.1 Key Distinctions 21.3 Regionalism and the End of the Cold War 21.3.1 The Prospect for Concerts 21.3.2 Globalization and Regionalization 21.3.3 Political-Military Regions 21.3.4 Toward a New Regionalism 21.3.5 Functional Regionalism 21.4 Conclusions References 22 Reforming World Order: Multi- and Plurilateral Approaches 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Collective and Contextual Aspects 22.3 Inequality and Governance 22.4 Actors of Global Governance 22.4.1 The Role of the State 22.4.2 Private Actors 22.5 Hybrid Forms of Governance 22.6 The United Nations 22.7 Poverty Reduction 22.7.1 Globalisation, Growth and Poverty 22.7.2 Political Response 22.8 Debt Relief 22.9 Conclusion References On the Author Index