Jewish Ways of Following Jesus: Redrawing the Religious Map of Antiquity

Description

Cover Dedication Acknowledgements Prologue Table of Contents Introduction Part One: Parameters for a Quest for Jewish Christianity Chapter 1: A History of Research 1. Beginnings 2. Ferdinand Christian Baur 3. Support for Baur’s Position 3.1 Albert Schwegler 3.2 Karl Köstlin, Adolf Hilgenfeld 3.3 Oscar Cullmann 3.4 Hans-Joachim Schoeps 4. Reactions to Baur’s Position 4.1 Gotthard Victor Lechler 4.2 Albrecht Ritschl 4.3 Adolf von Harnack 4.4 Adolf Schlatter 4.5 Jean Daniélou 5. A Sample of Recent Scholarship on Jewish Christianity 6. Critical Bias and Critical Balance 7. Overview and Analysis Chapter 2: Toward a Definition of Jewish Christianity 1. Challenges 2. A Sample of Recent Attempts at Definition 2.1 Joan Taylor 2.2 Bruce Malina 2.3 Neil McEleney 2.4 Stanley Riegel 2.5 Oskar Skarsaune 2.6 Simon Claude Mimouni 2.7 Raymond Brown 2.8 Matt Jackson-McCabe 2.9 Jonathan Z. Smith 2.10 Daniel Boyarin 2.11 James Carleton Paget 2.12 Jörg Frey 3. Continuing Issues 3.1 Triangulation, Synthesis, and Hybridization 3.2 Anachronism 3.3 Reification 3.4 Abstraction 3.5 The Perception of Distinction 4. Defining Jewishness 5. Jewishness and the Jewish Followers of Jesus 6. Parameters for Defining Jewish Christianity 7. Constructing A Working Definition for Jewish Christianity 7.1 The Tasks Involved 7.2 Complexity and Continuum 7.3 A Working Definition Chapter 3: Strategies in a Quest for Jewish Christianity Part Two: Points of Origin Chapter 4: Jesus the Jew 1. A Quest for the Jewish Jesus 2. A Different Way 3. A Sample of Recent Contributions 4. What is Implied by What We Think We Know? 4.1 Implicit Christology as a Defensive Response 4.2 A Different Understanding of Implicit Christology 4.3 A Galilean Jew 5. Conclusion Chapter 5: The Earliest Communities of Jesus’ Followers 1. Jerusalem 1.1 Luke and the Restoration of Judaism 1.2 Paul and the Jerusalem Community 1.3 James, Brother of Jesus 1.4 The Bishops List 1.5 The Flight to Pella 1.6 Summation 2. The Galilee? 2.1 The Ministry of the Historical Jesus 2.2 Galilee and the Gospel of Mark 2.3 Galilee and the Gospel of Matthew 2.4 Galilee and the Gospel of Luke 2.5 Galilee and the Prophets of the Sayings Tradition (Q) 2.6 Galilee and the Family of Jesus 2.7 Galilee and the Rabbis 2.8 Joseph of Tiberias 2.9 Conclusion 3. Antioch 4. Rome 4.1 Judaism in Rome 4.2 The Emergence of Christianity in Rome 4.3 The Development of Christianity at Rome 4.4 Conclusion 5. Alexandria 6. Opposition within Pauline Communities 7. Other Communities 8. Conclusion Chapter 6: The Earliest Christians Writings 1. The Two Ways Tradition 2. The Didache 3. The Book of James 4. Jude, 2nd Peter 5. The Sayings Tradition 5.1 The Form and Content of the Sayings Tradition 5.2 A Theology of The Sayings Tradition 5.3 The Social and Religious Situation 5.4 Summation 6. The Gospel of Matthew 6.1 The Narrative Construction 6.2 A Gathering of Traditions 6.2.1 The Gospel of Mark 6.2.2 The Sayings Tradition 6.2.3 Special Mathean Materials 6.2.4 The Sermon on the Mount 6.2.5 The Lord’s Prayer 6.2.6 The Scriptures of Israel 6.2.6 A Petrine Tradition 6.3 Social Location: Text from Texts, Community from Communities 6.4 Summation 7. Do Lukan Special Materials Reflect a Jewish Christian Source? 8. Conclusion Part Three: Patristic Representations of Jewish Christianity Chapter 7: Nazarenes 1. Jerome and the Nazarenes 1.1 The Gospel according to the Hebrews 1.2 A Nazarene Version of Jeremiah 1.3 A Curse Against the Nazarenes 1.4 The Nazarene Commentary on Isaiah 1.4.1 Isaiah 8.11–15 1.4.2 Isaiah 8.19–22 1.4.3 Isaiah 9.1 1.4.4 Isaiah 11.1 1.4.5 Isaiah 29.17–21 1.4.6 Isaiah 31.6–9 1.4.7 Summation 1.5 Other References by Jerome 1.6 Summation 2. Epiphanius and the Nazarenes 2.1 Confused Certainty 2.2 Analysis 2.3 Summation 3. The Nazarenes after Jerome 4. On the Distinction between Nazarenes and Ebionites 5. Conclusion Chapter 8: Ebionites 1. What’s in a Name? 2. Epiphanius at the Crossroads 3. The Classic Patristic Tradition 3.1 Justin Martyr 3.2 Irenaeus 3.3 Tertullian 3.4 Hippolytus 3.5 Origen (185–253/254 ce) 3.6 Pseudo-Tertullian (c. 250–300 ce) 3.7 Eusebius (c. 260–c. 340 ce) 3.8 Summation 4. Epiphanius and the Patristic Tradition 5. Jewish Christian Sources Known to Epiphanius 5.1 An Ebionite Gospel 5.2 The Periodoi Petrou 5.3 The Anabathmoi Jakabou 5.4 Others Sources 5.5 Epiphanius and the Jewish Christian Sources 6. The Elkesaite Bridge 7. A Summation of Epiphanius 8. The Tradition after Epiphanius 8.1 Anacephalaiosis 8.2 Jerome and the Ebionites 8.3 Others 9. Conclusion 9.1 Literary History 9.2 Tradition History 9.3 Historical Plausibility Chapter 9: Elkesaites, Cerinthians, Symmachians 1. Elkesaites 1.1 Hippolytus 1.2 Origen and Eusebius 1.3 Epiphanius 1.4 The Kitâb al-Fihrist by al-Nadîm 1.5 The Cologne Mani Codex 1.6 Summation 1.6.1 Literary History 1.6.2 Tradition History 1.6.3 Historical Plausibility 2. Cerinthians 2.1 Irenaeus 2.2 Hippolytus 2.3 Pseudo-Tertullian 2.4 Eusebius 2.5 Epiphanius 2.6 Jerome 2.7 Filaster 2.8 Pseudo-Hieronymus 2.9 Augustine 2.10 Praedestinatus 2.11 Theodoret of Cyr 2.12 Timothy, Presbyter of Constantinople (c. 600 ce) 2.13 Final Witnesses 2.14 Summation 3. Symmachians 4. Conclusion Chapter 10: Judaizers 1. The Problem of Definition 2. A Practical Phenomenon 3. Conclusion Chapter 11: Retrospective: Patristic Representations of Jewish Christianity 1. Literary Representation 2. Traditions 3. Historical Analysis 3.1 General Plausibility 3.2 Particular Plausibility 4. Conclusion Part Four: Other Evidence for Jewish Christianity Chapter 12: Texts Ascribed to Jewish Christians 1. Jewish Christian Gospels 1.1 A Hebrew Gospel Tradition 1.2 The Gospel of the Nazoreans 1.3 The Gospel of the Ebionites 1.4 The Gospel according to the Hebrews 2. Pseudo-Clementine Sources 3. Justin Martyr’s Sources 4. The Apocalypse of Peter 5. Other Jewish Christian Texts 6. Conclusion Chapter 13: Rabbinic Evidence for Jewish Christianity 1. Rabbinic Materials and the Figure of Jesus 2. The Question of Minim 3. The Birkhat ha-minim 4. Other Signs of Engagement 5. Conclusion Chapter 14: Archeological Evidence for Jewish Christianity 1. Ossuaries 2. Stelai 3. The Nativity Cave 4. The Golgotha Cave 5. The Mount of Olives Church (Eleona) 6. Various Caves and Tombs 7. Zion 8. Nazareth 8.1 Literary Data 8.2 Archeological Data 9. Capernaum 9.1 The House of Peter 9.2 The Synagogue at Capernaum 10. The House of Leontis 11. The Transjordan 12. Conclusion Part Five: The Significance of Jewish Christianity for Contemporary Scholarship Chapter 15: The “Parting of the Ways” and the History of Primitive Christianity 1. Patterns of Parting in New Testament Scholarship 2. The Parting of the Ways as a Paradigm for Christian Identity 2.1 Gerd Theissen 2.2 Gerd Lüdemann 3. The Parting of the Ways as the Triumph of Christianity 4. Challenges to the Parting Models 4.1 Philip Alexander 4.2 The Princeton-Oxford Symposium 4.3 Judith Lieu 4.4 James Dunn: The Partings Revisited 5. Fallacies Inherent in the Parting Models 6. Conclusion Chapter 16: Conclusions 1. Historical Markers for Jewish Christianity 1.1 The Earliest Communities 1.2 The Earliest Texts 1.3 Patristic Representations of Jewish Christianity 1.4 Writings Ascribed to Jewish Christians 1.5 Rabbinic Materials 1.6 Archeology 2. Plausible Coherence and Continuities within Jewish Christianity 2.1 A Galilean Matrix 2.2 A Jerusalem Matrix 2.3 Trajectories from Jerusalem or Palestine 2.4 An Antiochene Matrix 2.5 Trajectories from Antioch 2.6 A Transjordan Matrix 2.7 The Synagogues as a Matrix for Jewish Christianity 3. Parting with “The Parting of the Ways” 4. Considerations for a History of Primitive Christianity Epilogue List of Figures Bibliography Ancient Texts index Author index Subjects