Sociology - A Down To Earth Approach

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title page ......Page 2 Copyright Page ......Page 3 Brief Contents ......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 To the Student . . . from the Author......Page 20 To the Instructor . . . from the Author......Page 21 About the Author......Page 32 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective......Page 34 Seeing the Broader Social Context......Page 36 The Global Context—and the Local......Page 37 The Social Sciences......Page 38 Sociology ......Page 39 The Goals of Science......Page 40 Tradition versus Science......Page 41 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism......Page 42 Karl Marx and Class Conflict......Page 43 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration......Page 44 Applying Durkheim......Page 45 Values in Sociological Research......Page 46 Weber and Verstehen......Page 47 How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together......Page 48 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology......Page 49 Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois......Page 51 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory versus Reform......Page 53 Public Sociology ......Page 54 Social Reform Is Risky......Page 55 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology......Page 56 Applying Symbolic Interactionism ......Page 57 Applying Functional Analysis......Page 59 Feminists and Conflict Theory ......Page 61 Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro......Page 62 Diversity of Orientations ......Page 63 Summary and Review......Page 64 Thinking Critically about Chapter 1......Page 66 Chapter 2 Culture......Page 67 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life......Page 69 Practicing Cultural Relativism......Page 71 Gestures......Page 75 Computers in Education ......Page 0 Language......Page 76 Language Allows Shared Perspectives ......Page 77 Language Allows Shared, Goal-Directed Behavior......Page 78 Values, Norms, and Sanctions......Page 79 Folkways, Mores, and Taboos......Page 81 Subcultures......Page 82 An Overview of U.S. Values......Page 85 Value Contradictions......Page 86 An Emerging Value Cluster......Page 87 “Ideal” versus “Real” Culture......Page 88 Cultural Universals......Page 89 Sociobiology and Human Behavior......Page 90 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change......Page 91 Technology and Cultural Leveling......Page 93 Summary and Review......Page 94 Thinking Critically about Chapter 2......Page 95 Chapter 3 Socialization......Page 96 Feral Children......Page 98 Isolated Children......Page 99 The Orphanage Experiment in the United States ......Page 100 Timing and Human Development......Page 101 Deprived Animals......Page 102 Mead and Role Taking......Page 103 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning......Page 105 Freud and the Development of Personality......Page 106 Kohlberg’s Theory ......Page 107 Expressing Emotions: “Gender Rules” ......Page 108 Research Needed ......Page 109 Parents ......Page 110 Toys and Play ......Page 111 Gender Messages in the Mass Media......Page 113 Advertising ......Page 114 Social Class and Play......Page 116 Day Care......Page 117 Peer Groups......Page 118 Total Institutions......Page 121 Childhood (from birth to about age 12)......Page 123 Transitional Adulthood (ages 18–29)......Page 124 The Older Years (about age 65 on)......Page 125 Are We Prisoners of Socialization?......Page 126 Summary and Review......Page 127 Thinking Critically about Chapter 3......Page 128 Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction......Page 129 Macrosociology and Microsociology......Page 131 The Sociological Significance of Social Structure......Page 132 Social Status......Page 134 Status Inconsistency......Page 135 Groups......Page 136 Social Institutions......Page 137 Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives......Page 138 What Holds Society Together?......Page 139 How Relevant Are These Concepts Today?......Page 140 Symbolic Interaction......Page 142 Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life......Page 147 Applying Impression Management......Page 151 Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions......Page 152 Gynecological Examinations ......Page 153 The Need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology......Page 155 Summary and Review......Page 158 Thinking Critically about Chapter 4......Page 159 Chapter 5 How Sociologists Do Research......Page 160 A Research Model......Page 162 6. Collecting the Data......Page 163 Research Methods (Designs)......Page 164 Surveys......Page 166 Participant Observation (Fieldwork)......Page 169 Analysis of Documents......Page 170 Experiments......Page 172 Controversy in Sociological Research......Page 174 Ethics in Sociological Research......Page 176 Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research......Page 177 The Real World: When the Ideal Meets the Real......Page 178 Thinking Critically about Chapter 5......Page 180 Chapter 6 Societies to Social Networks......Page 181 Hunting and Gathering Societies......Page 183 Agricultural Societies......Page 185 Industrial Societies......Page 186 Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging?......Page 187 Groups within Society......Page 189 In-Groups and Out-Groups......Page 191 Reference Groups......Page 192 Social Networks......Page 193 Group Dynamics......Page 195 Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy......Page 196 Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior......Page 197 Laboratory Findings and the Real World......Page 198 Leadership......Page 200 Leadership Styles in Changing Situations......Page 201 The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment......Page 202 The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment......Page 203 Global Consequences of Group Dynamics: Groupthink......Page 204 Summary and Review......Page 205 Thinking Critically about Chapter 6......Page 206 Chapter 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations......Page 207 The Shift to Rationality AS SOCIETIES Industrialized......Page 209 The Two Views Today......Page 211 The Characteristics of Bureaucracies......Page 212 “Ideal” versus “Real” Bureaucracy......Page 214 Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of Bureaucracies......Page 216 Bureaucratic Incompetence......Page 217 Alienation of Workers......Page 218 Resisting Alienation......Page 219 Functions of Voluntary Associations......Page 220 The Iron Law of Oligarchy......Page 221 Humanizing the Work Setting......Page 222 Fads in Corporate Culture......Page 223 Diversity in the Workplace......Page 225 Technology and the Maximum-Security Society......Page 226 Thinking Critically about Chapter 7......Page 228 Chapter 8 Deviance and Social Control......Page 229 What Is Deviance?......Page 231 How Norms Make Social Life Possible......Page 232 Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, Psychology, and Sociology ......Page 233 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective......Page 234 Differential Association Theory......Page 235 Control Theory......Page 236 Labeling Theory......Page 237 Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society?......Page 241 Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance......Page 242 Four Deviant Paths......Page 243 Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime......Page 244 Gender and Crime......Page 246 The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Oppression......Page 247 Street Crime and Prisons......Page 249 The Decline in Violent Crime......Page 251 Recidivism......Page 252 The Death Penalty and Bias......Page 253 Race–Ethnicity......Page 255 The Trouble with Official Statistics......Page 256 The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness......Page 257 The Homeless Mentally Ill......Page 258 Summary and Review......Page 259 Thinking Critically about Chapter 8......Page 260 Chapter 9 Global Stratification......Page 261 Systems of Social Stratification......Page 263 Slavery......Page 264 Slavery Today......Page 265 Caste......Page 266 A U.S. Racial Caste System......Page 268 Class......Page 269 The Global Superclass......Page 270 Karl Marx: The Means of Production......Page 271 Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige......Page 272 Tumin’s Critique of Davis and Moore......Page 273 Mosca’s Argument ......Page 274 Lenski’s Synthesis ......Page 275 Soft Control versus Force......Page 276 Big Brother Technology ......Page 277 Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union......Page 278 Global Stratification: Three Worlds......Page 279 The Most Industrialized Nations......Page 280 The Industrializing Nations......Page 283 Modifying the Model......Page 284 World System Theory......Page 287 Evaluating the Theories......Page 289 Multinational Corporations......Page 290 Technology and Global Domination......Page 291 Summary and Review......Page 292 Thinking Critically about Chapter 9 ......Page 293 Chapter 10 Social Class in the United States......Page 294 Distinguishing Between Wealth and Income ......Page 296 Distribution of Income ......Page 297 The Power Elite ......Page 299 Displaying Prestige......Page 301 Status Inconsistency......Page 302 Updating Marx......Page 303 Updating Weber......Page 305 Consequences of Social Class......Page 308 Family Life......Page 309 Religion......Page 310 Crime and Criminal Justice......Page 311 Three Types of Social Mobility......Page 312 The Pain of Social Mobility......Page 313 Drawing the Poverty Line......Page 316 The Geography of Poverty......Page 317 The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty......Page 320 Deferred Gratification......Page 322 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth......Page 323 Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a Three-Tier Society?......Page 324 Summary and Review......Page 325 Thinking Critically about Chapter 10......Page 326 Chapter 11 Sex and Gender......Page 327 Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture?......Page 329 Opening the Door to Biology......Page 331 More Research on Humans ......Page 332 Gender Inequality in Global Perspective......Page 333 How Did Females Become a Minority Group?......Page 334 Sex Typing of Work......Page 336 Other Areas of Global Discrimination......Page 337 Global Violence against Women......Page 340 Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism......Page 341 Gender Inequality in Health Care......Page 344 Gender Inequality in Education......Page 346 Graduate School and Beyond ......Page 347 The Pay Gap......Page 349 And the Future?......Page 353 Violence against Women......Page 354 The Changing Face of Politics......Page 356 Summary and Review......Page 357 Thinking Critically about Chapter 11......Page 358 Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity......Page 359 Race: Myth and Reality......Page 361 Ethnic Groups......Page 364 Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial–Ethnic Identity......Page 365 Learning Prejudice......Page 366 Internalizing Dominant Norms......Page 369 Health Care......Page 371 Psychological Perspectives......Page 372 Sociological Perspectives......Page 373 Labels and Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes ......Page 375 Genocide......Page 376 Population Transfer......Page 377 Assimilation......Page 378 European Americans......Page 379 Latinos (Hispanics)......Page 381 Politics......Page 384 African Americans......Page 385 Asian Americans......Page 388 A Background of Discrimination ......Page 389 Diversity ......Page 11 Native Americans......Page 390 Looking toward the Future......Page 392 The Affirmative Action Controversy......Page 393 Toward a True Multicultural Society......Page 395 Summary and Review......Page 396 Thinking Critically about Chapter 12......Page 397 Chapter 13 The Elderly......Page 398 The Social Construction of Aging......Page 400 Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe......Page 401 The Graying of America......Page 402 The Life Span......Page 404 Four Factors in Our Decision......Page 405 Shifting Meanings......Page 406 The Influence of the Mass Media......Page 408 Evaluation of the Theory......Page 409 Evaluation of the Theory......Page 410 Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation......Page 411 Intergenerational Competition and Conflict......Page 413 Fighting Back......Page 415 Nursing Homes......Page 416 Understaffing, Dehumanization, and Death......Page 417 Gender and Poverty......Page 419 Death as a Process......Page 420 Hospices......Page 421 Adjusting to Death: The Importance of “Closure”......Page 422 Creative Aging......Page 423 The Impact of Technology......Page 424 Summary and Review......Page 425 Thinking Critically about Chapter 13......Page 426 Chapter 14 The Economy......Page 427 Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine......Page 429 Implications for Your Life......Page 430 The Transformation of the Medium of Exchange......Page 431 Medium of Exchange in Industrial Societies......Page 432 Capitalism......Page 434 The Development of State Capitalism......Page 435 Socialism......Page 436 Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 437 The Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 438 The New Global Division of Labor......Page 440 Separation of Ownership and Management......Page 441 Making Capitalism Flourish: Profits and Self-Interests......Page 443 The Global Superclass......Page 446 Global Investing......Page 447 Women and Work......Page 450 FEMALE-MALE Work Styles......Page 451 The Underground Economy......Page 452 Patterns of Work and Leisure......Page 454 Global Capitalism and Our Future......Page 456 The New Economic System and the Old Divisions of Wealth......Page 457 Summary and Review......Page 458 Thinking Critically about Chapter 14......Page 459 Chapter 15 Politics......Page 460 Power, Authority, and Violence......Page 462 The Collapse of Authority......Page 463 Rational–Legal Authority......Page 464 Authority as Ideal Type......Page 465 Monarchies: The Rise of the State......Page 466 Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea......Page 467 Political Parties and Elections......Page 469 Third Parties......Page 470 Voting Patterns......Page 471 Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups......Page 474 The Money......Page 475 The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism......Page 476 Which View Is Right?......Page 477 How Common Is War?......Page 479 Costs of War......Page 480 Success and Failure of Dehumanization......Page 482 Terrorism......Page 484 Targeted Killings......Page 487 Alignments and Disalignments......Page 488 Inevitable Changes......Page 489 Summary and Review......Page 490 Thinking Critically about Chapter 15......Page 491 Chapter 16 Marriage and Family......Page 492 What Is a Family?......Page 494 Common Cultural Themes......Page 495 Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective......Page 496 The Functionalist Perspective: Functions and Dysfunctions......Page 497 The Conflict Perspective: Struggles between Husbands and Wives......Page 498 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender, Housework, and Child Care......Page 499 Love and Courtship in Global Perspective......Page 500 The Social Channels of Love and Marriage......Page 502 Childbirth......Page 503 Marital Satisfaction......Page 504 Child Rearing......Page 505 Social Class......Page 507 Widowhood ......Page 508 African American Families......Page 509 Latino Families......Page 510 Native American Families......Page 511 Blended Families......Page 512 Adoption by Gay and Lesbian Couples ......Page 513 Cohabitation......Page 514 Does Cohabitation Make Marriage Stronger?......Page 515 Ways of Measuring Divorce......Page 516 Divorce and Mixed Racial–Ethnic Marriages......Page 518 Children of Divorce......Page 519 The Ex-Spouses......Page 520 The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering, Child Abuse, Marital Rape, and Incest......Page 521 Incest......Page 522 Symbolic Interactionism and the Misuse of Statistics......Page 523 Summary and Review......Page 524 Thinking Critically about Chapter 16......Page 525 Chapter 17 Education......Page 526 Industrialization and Universal Education......Page 528 The Expansion of Education......Page 529 Education in the Most Industrialized Nations: Japan......Page 531 Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia......Page 532 Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt......Page 533 Teaching Knowledge and Skills......Page 534 Integrating People with Disabilities......Page 535 Other Functions......Page 536 The Hidden Curriculum: Reproducing the Social Class Structure......Page 538 Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ......Page 539 Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding......Page 540 Reproducing the Racial–Ethnic Structure......Page 541 The Rist Research......Page 542 The Rosenthal–Jacobson Experiment......Page 543 Self-Expectations......Page 544 Problems in U.S. Education—and Their Solutions......Page 545 Mediocrity......Page 546 A Warning about Higher Standards......Page 547 The Solution to Cheating......Page 548 Violence......Page 549 Technology and Education......Page 550 Summary and Review......Page 551 Thinking Critically about Chapter 17......Page 552 Chapter 18 Religion......Page 553 What Is Religion?......Page 555 Functions of Religion......Page 556 Functional Equivalents of Religion......Page 558 War and Terrorism......Page 559 Religious Symbols......Page 561 Community......Page 562 Legitimating Social Inequalities......Page 565 Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism......Page 566 Judaism......Page 567 Islam......Page 569 Hinduism......Page 571 Confucianism......Page 572 Types of Religious Groups......Page 573 Cult......Page 574 Church......Page 575 When Religion and Culture Conflict......Page 576 Characteristics of Members......Page 577 Characteristics of Religious Groups......Page 578 The Electronic Church......Page 580 Secularization of Religion and Culture......Page 582 The Secularization of Culture......Page 583 The Future of Religion......Page 584 Summary and Review......Page 585 Thinking Critically about Chapter 18......Page 587 Chapter 19 Medicine and Health......Page 588 The Role of Culture in Defining Health and Illness......Page 590 The Sick Role......Page 591 Global Stratification and Health Care......Page 592 Establishing a Monopoly on U.S. Health Care......Page 593 The Monopoly of Medicine......Page 595 Physical Health......Page 596 Issues in Health Care......Page 597 Social Inequality......Page 598 Malpractice Lawsuits and Defensive Medicine......Page 599 Medical Incompetence......Page 600 Depersonalization: The Medical Cash Machine......Page 601 Medical Fraud......Page 602 Medically Assisted Suicide......Page 603 Reducing the Costs of Medical Care......Page 604 Rationing Medical Care......Page 606 HIV/AIDS......Page 607 Is There a Cure for AIDS? ......Page 609 Alcohol and Nicotine......Page 610 Nicotine ......Page 611 Medical Experiments: Callous and Harmful......Page 613 Chicken Bones and the Globalization of Disease......Page 614 The Future of Medicine......Page 615 Alternative Medicine......Page 616 Digital Medicine......Page 617 Summary and Review......Page 618 Thinking Critically about Chapter 19......Page 619 Chapter 20 Population and Urbanization......Page 620 The New Malthusians......Page 622 The Anti-Malthusians......Page 624 Who Is Correct?......Page 625 Why Are People Starving?......Page 626 Population Growth......Page 628 Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many Children......Page 629 Consequences of Rapid Population Growth......Page 630 The Three Demographic Variables......Page 631 Migration......Page 632 Problems in Forecasting Population Growth......Page 633 Urbanization......Page 637 The Appeal of Cities ......Page 638 From Country to City ......Page 641 From City to City ......Page 642 Within the City ......Page 643 The Sector Model......Page 645 The Peripheral Model......Page 646 Critique of the Models......Page 647 Alienation in the City......Page 648 The Ethnic Villagers ......Page 649 Tuning Out: The Norm of Noninvolvement......Page 650 Suburbanization......Page 651 The Potential of Urban Revitalization......Page 652 Summary and Review......Page 653 Thinking Critically about Chapter 20......Page 654 Chapter 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements......Page 655 How Crowds Change People......Page 657 The Acting Crowd......Page 658 Emergent Norms......Page 659 Riots......Page 660 Participants in Riots......Page 661 Rumors......Page 662 The Classic Panic......Page 663 Moral Panics......Page 665 Fads and Fashions......Page 667 Urban Legends......Page 668 Social Movements......Page 669 Types of Social Movements......Page 670 Tactics of Social Movements......Page 671 Propaganda and the Mass Media......Page 672 Relative Deprivation Theory: Improving Status and Power......Page 674 Moral Issues and Ideological Commitment......Page 675 The Rocky Road to Success......Page 676 The Stages of Social Movements......Page 677 Resurgence......Page 678 Summary and Review......Page 679 Thinking Critically about Chapter 21......Page 680 Chapter 22 Social Change and the Environment......Page 681 From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft......Page 683 The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism......Page 684 Conflict, Power, and Global Politics......Page 685 Four Threats to This Coalition of ­Powers ......Page 686 Evolution from Lower to Higher......Page 687 Conflict over Power and Resources......Page 688 Ogburn’s Theory......Page 689 Evaluation of Ogburn’s Theory......Page 690 Extending Human Abilities......Page 691 The Sociological Significance of Technology: How Technology Changes Social Life......Page 692 Effects on Cities ......Page 693 Effects on Women’s Roles......Page 694 The New Technology: The Microchip and Social Life......Page 695 Computers in International Conflict......Page 696 Cyberspace and Social Inequality......Page 697 The Growth Machine versus the Earth......Page 698 Toxic Wastes ......Page 699 The Environmental Movement......Page 702 Environmental Sociology......Page 705 Technology and the Environment: The Goal of Harmony......Page 706 Summary and Review......Page 707 Thinking Critically about Chapter 22......Page 708 Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology?......Page 709 Glossary......Page 711 References......Page 721 D......Page 757 H......Page 758 M......Page 759 S......Page 760 Z......Page 761 B......Page 762 C......Page 763 D......Page 764 E......Page 765 G......Page 766 I......Page 767 L......Page 768 M......Page 769 P......Page 770 R......Page 771 S......Page 772 T......Page 774 W......Page 775 Z......Page 776 Credits......Page 777