Vaccination of Immunosuppressed Children in Clinical Practice

Description

This book provides cutting-edge information on the vaccination of children treated with various immunosuppressive regimens. The latest literature and recommendations on vaccination in immunosuppressed children are discussed in detail, providing practical guidelines on vaccination for specialists caring for immunosuppressive paediatric patients. Vaccination of Immunosuppressed Children in Clinical Practice is a clinically-focused synthesis for a wide audience of paediatricians around the world. Paediatricians (including rheumatologists, gastroenterologists, immunologists, neurologists, nephrologists, oncologists, haematologists) will find this book to be an essential resource for their daily clinical practice. Preface Contents Abbreviations Chapter 1: Importance of Vaccinating Immunocompromised Children 1.1 Overview of the Immune System 1.2 Definitions of Immunodeficiency and Immunosuppressive Regimens 1.3 Risk of Infections 1.4 Burden of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Immunocompromised Children 1.4.1 Viral Diseases 1.4.2 Bacterial Diseases 1.4.3 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases 1.5 Challenges in the Vaccination of Immunocompromised Children References Chapter 2: Immune Responses to Vaccination 2.1 Antigen-Induced Immune Responses 2.2 Vaccines 2.3 General Principles of the Effect of Underlying States or Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Immune Response to Vaccination 2.4 Mode of Action of Various Immunosuppressive Drugs, Effects on Vaccine Responses and Recommendations 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Glucocorticoids (GCs) 2.4.2.1 Mode of Action 2.4.2.2 Safety and Immunogenicity Data 2.4.2.3 Recommendations 2.4.3 csDMARDs 2.4.3.1 Drugs That Destroy Dividing Cells Through the Inhibition of DNA Synthesis of Nitrogen Base: Pyrimidine (MTX, Leflunomide) or Purine (AZT, 6-MP, MMF) or by Alkylation of DNA (Cyclophosphamide) 2.4.3.1.1 MTX Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.3.1.2 Leflunomid (Arava®) Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.3.1.3 AZT and 6-MP Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.3.1.4 MMF Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.3.1.5 Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan®) Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.3.1.6 Drugs That Inhibit the Intracellular Signal Transduction from the Antigen-Recognizing TCR Through the Inhibition of Calcineurine Pathways (Cyclosporine, Tac) or the mTOR Pathway (Sirolimus, Everolimus) Cyclosporine and Tac Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations Sirolimus and Everolimus Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.3.1.7 Other Molecules Considered as csDMARDs, with Little or No Immunosuppressive Effect Inhibitors of PGL Synthesis: Derivatives of 5-ASA: Sulfasalazine (Salazopyrin®), Mesalazine (Pentasa®, Asacol®, Salofalk®) Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations Antimalarials: HCQ Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations Colchicine Mode of Action Recommendations Thalidomide Mode of Action Recommendations 2.4.4 bDMARDs 2.4.4.1 Anti-TNFα 2.4.4.1.1 Adalimumab, Golimumab, Certolizumab, Infliximab, Etanercept Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.4.2 Anti-IL-1 2.4.4.2.1 Anakinra, Canakinumab, Rilonacept Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.4.3 Anti-IL6 2.4.4.3.1 Tocilizumab Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.4.4 CTLA-4 Analogue 2.4.4.4.1 Abatacept Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.4.5 B-Cell Targeting Drugs 2.4.4.5.1 Rituximab (MabThera®), Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus®), Belimumab (Benlysta®) Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.4.6 Anti-CD52 Receptor 2.4.4.6.1 Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada®/Campath®) Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.4.7 Anti-C5 2.4.4.7.1 Eculizumab Mode of Action Recommendations 2.4.4.8 Anti-integrin α4β7 2.4.4.8.1 Vedolizumab (Entyvio®) Recommendations 2.4.4.9 Anti-IL-17A 2.4.4.9.1 Ixekizumab (Cosentyx®), Secukinumab Mode of Action Recommendations 2.4.4.10 Anti-IL-12 and IL-23 2.4.4.10.1 Usterkinumab (Stelara®) Mode of Action Safety and Immunogenicity Data Recommendations 2.4.5 tsDMARDs 2.4.5.1 Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors 2.4.5.1.1 Mode of Action 2.4.5.1.2 Recommendations 2.4.5.2 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors 2.4.5.2.1 Apremilast Mode of Action Recommendations References Chapter 3: Vaccination with Live Vaccines 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Safety and Immunogenicity Data 3.2.1 Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) 3.2.2 Other Vaccines 3.2.3 Conclusions 3.3 Recommendations 3.3.1 VZV and MMR 3.3.2 Other Live Vaccines 3.3.3 Treatment with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) 3.3.4 Infants Born to Mothers Who Received Immunosuppressive Treatment During Pregnancy References Chapter 4: Vaccination with Non-live Vaccines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Influenza 4.3 Hepatitis A 4.4 Hepatitis B 4.5 HPV 4.6 Pneumocococcal Vaccines 4.7 Meningococcal Vaccines 4.8 Tetanus-Diphtheria-Acellular Pertussis-Polio Vaccines 4.9 Hib 4.10 Other Vaccines: Rabies, Japanese Encephalitis, Parenteral Typhoid Vaccines, Tick-Borne Encephalitis References Chapter 5: Vaccination Schedules in Immunocompromised Children 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Supplementary Non-live Vaccines 5.3 Supplementary Dose References Chapter 6: Practical Approach to the Vaccination of Children with Dysimmune Disorders Before the Introduction of Immunosuppression or Already Under Immunosuppressive Treatment Chapter 7: Discussion References Chapter 8: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Index