Stories of Astronomers and Their Stars
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This book recounts the stories of the astronomical pioneers who forever changed our views of the cosmos. The chapters delve into their fascinating lives over the centuries, showing how these pivotal minds built upon the work of their predecessors and unlocked the unique properties of specific stars. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Part I: The Night Sky Chapter 1: Observing the Night Sky and the Celestial Sphere Chapter 2: The Spring/Fall Sky The Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Reference Chapter 3: The Summer/Winter Sky The Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Chapter 4: The Fall/Spring Sky The Northern Hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere Reference Chapter 5: The Winter/Summer Sky The Northern Hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere Part II: The Age Before Telescopes Chapter 6: Anaxagoras and Hans Albrecht Bethe: The Sun Anaxagoras Hans Bethe The Sun The Geriatric Sun Low-Mass Stars High-Mass Stars References Chapter 7: Tycho Brahe: SN 1572 Tycho Brahe SN 1572 Discovery and Significance Tycho in Later Years References Chapter 8: Johannes Kepler: SN 1604 The Great Conjunction of 1603 and the Supernova of 1604 The Later Years of Kepler References Part III: Observational Discoveries with Telescopes Chapter 9: Thomas Henderson: Alpha Centauri Parallax Measurement of Alpha Centauri The Alpha Centauri System References Chapter 10: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel: 61 Cygni 61 Cygni References Chapter 11: Benedetto Castelli and J. B. Liebknecht: Mizar, Alcor, and Sidus Ludoviciana Benedetto Castelli—Mizar and Alcor Johann Georg Liebknecht Sidus Ludoviciana References Chapter 12: John Goodricke: Algol John Goodricke Algol References Part IV: Astrophotography and Spectroscopy Chapter 13: A Brief History of Astrophotography References Chapter 14: The Pioneers of Spectroscopy Terms and Concepts Isaac Newton Sir William Herschel—Discovery of Infrared Light Thomas Young—Wave Properties of Light Joseph Fraunhofer—Solar Spectrum Henry Draper—First Stellar Spectrum Photograph Gustav Kirchhoff—Spectrum Analysis Johann Christian Doppler—The Effect of Velocity on Light Waves Sir William Huggins—Tying Spectrums to Elements Niels Bohr—Applying Quantum Physics to Spectrums Summary References Chapter 15: Stellar Spectral Types and the H-R Diagram Stellar Spectroscopy Lewis Morris Rutherfurd Angelo Secchi Sir William Huggins Hermann Carl Vogel Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer Stellar Spectrum Classifications from the Harvard College Observatory Yerkes MKK Spectral Classification (W.W. Morgan, Philip Keenan, Edith Kellman) Morgan–Keenan (MK) Classification The Hertzsprung–Russell (H-R) Diagram References Part V: Astrophotography and Spectroscopy Reveal Stellar Secrets Chapter 16: Edward Charles Pickering: Mizar Mizar References Chapter 17: Charles Wolf and Georges Rayet: Wolf–Rayet Stars Charles Joseph Étienne Wolf Georges Antoine Pons Rayet Wolf–Rayet (WR) Stars References Chapter 18: Angelo Secchi: Carbon Stars Carbon Stars References Chapter 19: Allan Sandage: Blue Stragglers Blue Stragglers References Part VI: Standard Candles—How Stars Are Used to Determine Cosmic Distances Chapter 20: Measuring Cosmic Distances The Astronomical Unit Stellar Proper Motion and Parallax Measurements The Light-Year and Parsec The Distance Modulus and Standard Candles References Chapter 21: Edward Pigott, John Goodricke, and Henrietta Swan Leavitt: Cepheid Variable Stars Edward Pigott Henrietta Swan Leavitt Cepheid Variable Stars References Chapter 22: Jacobus Kapteyn, E. C. Pickering, and Williamina Fleming: RR Lyrae Variable Stars Jacobus Kapteyn Williamina Paton Fleming (Stevens) RR Lyrae Variable Stars References Chapter 23: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Mark M. Phillips: Type Ia Supernova Subrahmanyan Chandrasekha Mark M. Phillips Type Ia Supernova References Chapter 24: Other Standard Candles Planetary Nebulae Tully–Fisher Relation Radio Very Long Baseline Interferometry Proper Motion Gravitationally Lensed Quasars Closing Remarks References Part VII: Star and Deep-Sky Object (DSO) References Chapter 25: Star Names, Designations, and Catalogs Origin of Named Stars and Early Catalogs Modern Star Designations and Catalogs Bayer Catalog Flamsteed Designation Bonner Durchmusterung (BD) Córdoba Durchmusterung (CD) Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CP or CPD) Henry Draper Catalog (HD) General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS) Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog (SAO) General Catalog of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars (h) Hipparcos (HIP) and Tycho (TYC) Catalogs Washington Double Star Catalog (WDS) Hardcopy Atlases and Charts Planetarium Software Deep-Sky Object Catalogs References Epilogue Appendix 1 - Star Names by Constellation Appendix 2 – Brightest Stars to Magnitude 2.5 Reference Index
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