A Grammar of Gyeli

Description

List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction The Gyeli Language The Language's Name Classification Language Contact Dialects Language Endangerment Special Features of Gyeli Previous Literature The Gyeli Speakers Environment Subsistence and Culture Methodology The Project The Construction of a Speech Community Data Structure of the Grammar Phonology Consonants Phonemic Inventory Realization Rules Labial Velars Allophones Pre-glottalization of Labial and Alveolar Stops and the Issue of Implosives Voicing and Devoicing of Stops Consonant Clusters Prenasalization Labialization and Palatalization Consonant-Fricative Clusters Phonotactics Vowels Plain Vowels Diphthongs Vowel Length Nasal Vowels Syllable Structure Introduction Syllable Internal Structure Syllable Distribution Syllables in Nominal Prefixes Syllables in SCOPs Syllables in Noun Stems Syllables in Verb Stems Tonology Tonal Inventory Level Tones Contour Tones Toneless Syllables Tone Rules High Tone Spreading To The Right High Tone Spreading To The Left L Tone Detachment in Monosyllabic L Verb Stems H Tone Lowering in Monosyllabic H Verb Stems Discussion: Gyeli Phonology within Bantu A80 The Noun Phrase Introduction The Gender and Agreement System Agreement Classes Noun Classes The Gyeli Gender System Gender 1/2 Gender 3/4 Gender 5/6 Gender 7/8 Gender 9/6 Gender 6 Inquorate Genders The Noun Mass Nouns and Countability Nominalization Agentive Nominalization of Gender 1/2 Event Nouns of Class 6 Agreement Targets of the Noun Subject Pronouns Non-Subject Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Demonstratives Possessor Pronouns Attributive Markers Genitive Markers Agreeing Quantifiers Agreeing Numerals Non-Numeral Quantifier -ɛ́sɛ̀ `all' Deictic Modifiers Invariable Modifiers in the Noun Phrase Qualifiers Invariable Numerals Enumeratives Invariable Quantifiers Prenominal Invariable Quantifiers Postnominal Invariable Quantifiers Locative Adpositions Prenominal ɛ́ Postnominal dé Other Locative Postpositions Distributive Constructions Distributive Construction with náà Distributive Numerals Attributive Constructions Noun + Noun Optional Omission of the Attributive Marker Nominal Possessives Properties Nominal Quantifiers Nominal Locatives Noun + Qualifier Noun + Verb Noun + Interrogative vɛ́ `which' níyɛ̀ `how many' púù `cause' Noun + Numeral: Ordinal Numerals The Verb Phrase The Verb Verb Structure Verbal Derivation Reciprocal -ala Passive -a Causative -ɛsɛ Applicative -ɛlɛ Autocausative Middle Voice -ɛga/-aga Positional Middle Voice -ɔwɔ Expansions Adverbs Group 1 Adverbs: Deictic Group 2 Adverbs: Temporal Group 3 Adverbs: Manner Group 4 Adverbs: Locative/directional Group 5 Adverbs: Anaphoric Discussion: Multiple Adverbs Ideophones Phonological Shape of Ideophones Morphosyntactic Properties of Ideophones Tense, Aspect, Mood and Negation Introduction Grammatical Expression of Tense and Mood Patterns of the SCOP SCOP Assimilation SCOP Omission Patterns of the Verb Stem The Metatonic H Tone Tense-Mood Categories Present Inchoative Future Recent Past (PST1) Remote Past (PST2) Imperative Subjunctive Aspectual Markers Progressive nzíí, nzí, and nzɛ́ɛ́ Priorative pã̂ `first' Prospective múà Retrospective lɔ́ `come' Perfect bwàà `have' Absolute Completive -mɔ̀/-Ṽ Non-Complete Accomplishment sílɛ̀ `finish' Habitual by Verb Reduplication Negation Negation with -lɛ in the present Negation with sàlɛ́/pálɛ́ in the past Negation with kálɛ̀ in the future Negation with tí Embedding Simple Clauses Non-Verbal Predicates SCOP Copula Identificational Marker wɛ́ Optional -Copula Verbal Copula bɛ̀ `be' Verbal Copula múà `be' Verbal Copula bùdɛ́ `have' Verbal Clauses and Grammatical Relations Grammatical Relations Subjects Objects Obliques Basic Clause Types S V Word Order S V O Word Order S V O O Word Order Complex Predicates: Auxiliaries Sentential Modification Information Structure Topic Left Dislocation Emphatic Pronouns Contrastive -ga Topicalization Focus In-Situ Focus Object Pronoun Fronting Cleft Constructions Special Clause Types Questions Possessor Raising Comparison Constructions Complex Clauses Coordination Conjunction with nà `and' Covert Coordination Disjunction with kânà/nânà `or' Adversative Coordination with ndí `but' Subordination Asyndetic Subordinate Clauses Infinitival Clauses Framing Constructions Relative Clauses Adverbial Clauses Full Adverbial Clauses Conditional Clauses with ká `if' Infinitival Adverbial Clauses Attributive Clauses with nâ Bare Complementizer Constructions Adverbials + Complementizer Constructions Complement Clauses Reported Discourse Appendix I: Verb Extensions Appendix II: Texts The Healer and the Antilope Nzambi Story Conversation in the Village Ngolo Appendix III: Lexicon Bibliography