The Origin of Gravity From the First Principles

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This book presents a collection of chapters in which researchers who have worked in the field of gravity for years reveal their visions of the origin of gravity. Some approaches are based on field equations and ideas of general relativity, but others suggest their own procedures. Among the visions we see the further development of principles of general relativity, which unify gravity with fluctuations of matter or a background of super-strong interacting gravitons, as well as visions that ignore complicated interactions of gravity with other fields altogether. There is also a new approach in which space-particle dualism is presented. In addition, there is the approach that suggests starting directly with the smallest granularity of space, defined by the Planck scale. These lines of study involve constructions and methods emerging from quantum mechanical formalism and even suggestions for new courses of action, such as subquantum kinetics and submicroscopic mechanics. These approaches all try to explain the concepts of particle, mass, and their interactions. These are new trends both in the theory of gravitation and in the theory of elementary particles, and hence fundamental physics in general. THE ORIGIN OF GRAVITYFROM FIRST PRINCIPLES THE ORIGIN OF GRAVITYFROM FIRST PRINCIPLES CONTENTS PREFACE Chapter 1QUANTUM FIELD THEORETICALORIGIN OF GRAVITY Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EFFECTIVE ACTION AND THE BACKGROUNDFIELD METHOD 3. SCHWINGER’S PROPER TIME METHOD 4. REVIEW ON THE MAIN APPROACHES TO INDUCEDGRAVITY 5. EFFECTIVE FIELD THEORY: LET THERE BEGRAVITY 6. THE EFFECTIVE ACTION IN THE SCHWINGER-KELDYSH FORMALISM CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 2LOW-ENERGY QUANTUM GRAVITYAND COSMOLOGY Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODEL 3. MODIFIED DYNAMICS IN THE GRAVITONBACKGROUND 4. COSMOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE MODEL 4.1. Galaxy Number Counts 4.1.1. The Galaxy Number Counts-Redshift Relation 4.1.2. Taking into Account the Galaxy Luminosity Function 4.2. FittingObservationswith the Theoretical Luminosity Distance 4.2.1. The Hubble Diagram of This Model 4.2.2. Comparison with the LCDM CosmologicalModel 4.3. The Hubble Parameter of This Model 4.4. The Alcock-Paczynski Test of the Model 5. THE LIGHT-FROM-NOWHERE EFFECT CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 3ONLY GRAVITY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The Role of 𝚲 THE STRESS ENERGY TENSOR EXAMPLES Example: Cosmology Example: Cosmology – Early Epoch Questions Example: Particle and Nuclear Physics The Electron Nuclear Physics Example: Particle and Nuclear Physics: Questions Example: Gravitational Waves Example: Gravitational Waves: Questions Example: Quantum Mechanics The Quantum Electron Example: Quantum Mechanics: Questions CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 4SUB-QUANTUM GRAVITY.THE CONDENSATE VORTEX MODEL ABSTRACT ACRONYMS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PAST VORTEX TYPE THEORIES 3. VORTEX SPEED/DENSITY RELATION 4. NEW VORTEX GRAVITATION MODEL 5. CLASSICAL VORTEX MECHANICS 6. ORDER AND DISORDER 7. VORTEX ADDITION = ‘SPACE-TIME’ 8. HOW PRECISE IS GENERAL RELATIVITY REALLY? 9. GR/SR/LT CONSISTENCY 10. WAVES AND SPEED OF GRAVITY 11. TOROID AGN OR BLACK HOLE SINGULARITY? 12. PECULIAR CMB ANISOTROPIES 13. COSMIC REDSHIFT CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 5GRAVITY IN SPACE PARTICLEDUALISM THEORY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION QUICK OVERVIEW OF SPACE PARTICLE DUALISM THEORY Part 1. The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Part 2. The Fabric of Space Part 3. Gravity without the Equivalence Principle Part 4. A Universe That Is 42 Trillion Years Old CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 6 QUANTUM GRAVITY HIDDEN IN NEWTON GRAVITY AND HOW TO UNIFY IT WITH QUANTUM MECHANICS Abstract 1. NEWTON NEVER USED NOR SUGGESTEDA GRAVITY CONSTANT 2. EARLY THOUGHTS ON GRAVITY ANDCONNECTION TO THE PLANCK LENGTH 3. SOME BACKGROUND ON MASS AND DEEPERINSIGHT IN GRAVITY 4. A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF MASS BASEDON ANCIENT PRINCIPLES 5. OTHER SIMPLE WAYS TO EXTRACT THE PLANCKLENGTH FROM OBSERVABLE GRAVITATIONALPHENOMENA WITH NO KNOWLEDGE OF G OR ~ 6. MORE ON THE KG MASS 7. INCOMPLETE FREQUENCY DEFINITIONIN STANDARD PHYSICS 8. HISTORY OF ENERGY AND A REFORMULATIONOF THE ENERGY MASS RELATION 9. RELATIVISTIC MASS AND ENERGY IN COLLISIONSPACE-TIME 10. A NEW FORM OF QUANTUM PROBABILITIES 11. THE PLANCK MASS PARTICLE 12. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE COLLISIONLENGTHENERGY AND THE SCHWARZSCHILDRADIUS 13. A NEW DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 14. PREDICTION OF GALAXY ROTATIONS WITHOUTDARK MATTER 15. RELATIVISTIC NEWTON CORRECTIONS 16. RELATIVISTIC NEWTON AND NO NEED FORDARK ENERGY 17. ESCAPE VELOCITY AND “BLACK” HOLES 18. MICRO “BLACK HOLES” ARE LIKELY NOTHOLES, BUT SOLIDS 19. MOMENTUM AND THE DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH VERSUS THE COMPTON WAVELENGTH 20. RELATIVISTIC ENERGY MOMENTUM RELATION 21. MASS, ENERGY AND MOMENTUM:VECTORS OR SCALARS? 22. THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME (3+3) 23. NEW QUANTUM MECHANICS Holding on to c2 24. WHY HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLECAN SAY NOTHING ABOUT REST-MASSPARTICLES 25. MODIFIED UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE ROOTEDIN THE COMPTON MOMENTUM 26. STANDARD DERIVATION OF OUR NEWUNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE AND FURTHERDISCUSSION 27. TWO WAYS TO UNIFY: THE BEAUTIFULINTUITIVE WAY AND UGLY CONCEALED WAY CONCLUSION APPENDIX A REFERENCES Chapter 7THE ORIGIN OF GRAVITY AND ITS EFFECTS:ACCORDING TO THE SUBQUANTUMKINETICS PARADIGM ABSTRACT OVERVIEW THE CREATION OF GRAVITATIONAL AND ELECTRIC FIELDS THE IMPORTANCE OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL IN THECREATION OF MATTER THE COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GRAVITY MATTER CREATION THE PHOTON BLUESHIFTING EFFECT GENIC ENERGY SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS GENERAL RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS:EFFECTS DUE TO GRAVITY Gravitational Length Contraction, Mass Dilation,and Orbital Precession Gravitational Clock Retardation Gravitational Redshifting Gravitational Bending of Light TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF SUBQUANTUMKINETICS REFERENCES Chapter 8DERIVATION OF GRAVITY FROM FIRSTSUBMICROSCOPIC PRINCIPLES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION THE NOTION OF MASS DECOMPOSITION OF THE PARTICLE MASS TO INERTONS THE STANDING SPHERICAL INERTON WAVE NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITAION AN IMPORTANT CORRECTION TO NEWTON’S GRAVITY MANIFESTATION OF THE CORRECTION CURVATURE OF SPACE – A SUBMICROSOCPIC ANALYSIS MANIFESTATION OF INERTONS The Known Facts Very Recent Observations of Solar Inertons Theoretical Description of the Sunspot’s Inertons DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES EDITOR’S CONTACT INFORMATION INDEX Blank Page Blank Page