Discretionary Justice: Pardon and Parole in New York from the Revolution to the Depression

Description

The pardon is an act of mercy, tied to the divine right of kings. Why did New York retain this mode of discretionary justice after the Revolution? And how did governors’ use of this prerogative change with the advent of the penitentiary and the introduction of parole? This book answers these questions by mining previously unexplored evidence held in official pardon registers, clemency files, prisoner aid association reports and parole records. This is the first book to analyze the histories of mercy and parole through the same lens, as related but distinct forms of discretionary decision-making. It draws on governors’ public papers and private correspondence to probe their approach to clemency, and it uses qualitative and quantitative methods to profile petitions for mercy, highlighting controversial cases that stirred public debate. Political pressure to render the use of discretion more certain and less personal grew stronger over the nineteenth century, peaking during constitutional conventionsand reaching its height in the Progressive Era. Yet, New York’s legislators left the power to pardon in the governor’s hands, where it remains today. Unlike previous works that portray parole as the successor to the pardon, this book shows that reliance upon and faith in discretion has proven remarkably resilient, even in the state that led the world toward penal modernity. Cover DISCRETIONARY JUSTICE Title Copyright Dedication CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction: Pardon and Parole in the Empire State 1. Governing Mercy in the Emerging Republic 2. Mercy and Diversity: The Pardon Power in the Early National Period 3. Debating the Pardon in Antebellum New York 4. The Pardon and the Progenesis of Parole in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 5. Reformulating Discretion in the Mid- to Late Nineteenth Century 6. The Entanglement of Parole and Pardoning in the Progressive Era 7. The Crime Wave and the War against Discretionary Justice in the 1920s Epilogue: Mercy, Parole, and the Failed Search for Penal Certainty Note on Sources Governors of New York, 1777–1942 Tables Table 1. Factors Mentioned as Grounds for Clemency in Case Files Table 2. Clemency Rates in File Sample by Period and Type of Disposition Table 3. Crime Categories in Sample and in NYSA Database of Clemency Files Table 4. Gender in Sample and in NYSA Database of Clemency Files by Period Notes Selected Bibliography Index About the Author