Atlas of Nuclear Medicine in Musculoskeletal System: Case-Oriented Approach

Description

Nuclear medicine imaging in the musculoskeletal system with its ability to assess disease activities has contributed to accurate diagnosis and improved medical and surgical treatment. Several nuclear medicine textbooks and case studies in forms of atlases have been published so far, but there seems to be no in-depth nuclear medicine imaging atlas focused on diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, the authors have written about common cases as well as rare musculoskeletal disorders for which various imaging techniques of nuclear medicine (bone scan, SPECT, SPECT/CT, PET/CT, PET/MR, etc.) are useful based on their clinical experience in many different hospitals.  This book intends to share the experiences of the authors with nuclear medicine and radiology residents and board specialists, and to help other clinicians who manage musculoskeletal disorders, such as orthopedic and rheumatology, through various cases of musculoskeletal disorders by providing algorithmic imaging utilization to support their patient care.  Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders 1: Musculoskeletal Infections 1.1 Diabetic Foot Infection 1.1.1 Clinical Course, Assessment, and Treatment 1.2 Chronic Prosthetic Joint Infection 1.2.1 Clinical Course, Assessment, and Treatment 1.3 Charcot Foot 1.3.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 1.3.2 Radiographic Imaging 1.4 Malleolar Bursitis 1.4.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 1.4.2 Radiographic Imaging 1.5 Pyogenic Spondylitis 1.5.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 1.5.2 Radiographic Imaging 1.5.3 Differential Diagnosis with Pyogenic Spondylitis Versus Tuberculous Spondylitis References 2: Septic Arthritis 2.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology 2.2 Diagnosis 2.3 Tuberculous Arthritis References 3: Inflammatory Arthritis 3.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis 3.1.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 3.1.2 Radiographic Imaging 3.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis 3.2.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 3.2.2 Radiographic Imaging 3.3 Gout 3.3.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 3.3.2 Radiographic Imaging References 4: Non-inflammatory Arthritis: Osteoarthritis 4.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology 4.2 Diagnosis References 5: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy 5.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 5.2 Imaging References Part II: Traumatic and Circulatory Disorders 6: Fracture, Non-union, and Bone Graft 6.1 Bone Fracture 6.1.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 6.1.2 Imaging 6.2 Non-union 6.2.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 6.2.2 Imaging 6.3 Bone Graft 6.3.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 6.3.2 Imaging References 7: Stress Fractures and Sports Injury 7.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology 7.2 Diagnosis 7.3 Bone Scan Findings of Specific Stress Fractures 7.3.1 Stress Fractures of the Tibia 7.3.2 Stress Fractures of the Foot and Ankle 7.3.3 Stress Fractures of the Femur 7.3.4 Stress Fractures of the Pelvis References 8: Osteonecrosis 8.1 Osteonecrosis of the Hip 8.1.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 8.1.2 Imaging Findings 8.2 Osteonecrosis of Knee 8.2.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 8.2.2 Imaging 8.3 Osteonecrosis of the Hand and Foot 8.3.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 8.3.2 Imaging 8.4 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 8.4.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 8.4.2 Imaging References 9: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 9.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology 9.2 Diagnosis 9.3 Three-Phase Bone Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of CRPS References Part III: Spine and Joint Disorders 10: Spine 10.1 Evolution of Bone SPECT 10.2 Diagnosis of Spine Disease After Various Operations 10.3 Abnormalities in Fused Segments 10.4 Evaluation of Spondylolysis and Other Traumatic and Degenerative Changes References 11: Hip 11.1 Loosening in THA 11.2 Chronic Expanding Hematoma in THA 11.3 Periprosthetic Joint Infection in THA 11.4 Osteolysis in THA 11.5 Failure of Impacted Bone Graft in THA 11.6 Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head After Internal Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures 11.7 Fracture-Related Infection 11.8 Subchondral Insufficiency Fracture of Femur Head References 12: Knee Prostheses 12.1 Assessment of Knee Operations 12.2 Periprosthetic Infection 12.3 Aseptic Loosening 12.4 Polyethylene Wear 12.5 Periprosthetic Fracture 12.6 Metallosis 12.7 Instability References 13: Ankle and Shoulder 13.1 Ankle Osteoarthritis 13.1.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.1.2 Imaging 13.2 Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus 13.2.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.2.2 Imaging 13.3 Anterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome 13.3.1 Imaging 13.4 Plantar Fasciitis 13.4.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.4.2 Imaging 13.5 Accessory Ossicles 13.5.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.5.2 Imaging 13.6 Mid-foot Sprain 13.6.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.6.2 Imaging 13.7 Shoulder Dislocation 13.7.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.7.2 Imaging 13.8 Rotator Cuff Tear 13.8.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 13.8.2 Imaging References Part IV: Metabolic and Endocrine Osseous Disorders 14: Metabolic Bone Disease 14.1 Osteomalacia 14.1.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 14.1.2 Imaging 14.2 Renal Osteodystrophy 14.2.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 14.2.2 Imaging 14.3 Paget’s Disease 14.3.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 14.3.2 Imaging 14.4 Osteopetrosis 14.4.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 14.4.2 Imaging 14.5 Camurati–Engelmann Disease 14.5.1 Etiology and Clinical Significance 14.5.2 Imaging References 15: Osteoporosis 15.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology 15.2 Diagnosis of Osteoporosis 15.3 Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture 15.4 Insufficiency Fractures of Pelvis and Sacrum 15.5 Atypical Femoral Fracture (AFF) 15.6 Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) References 16: Fibrous Dysplasia 16.1 Clinical Features and Pathophysiology 16.2 Radiologic Findings and Nuclear Medicine Imaging References Part V: Musculoskeletal Neoplastic Disorders 17: Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors 17.1 Pathologic Classification 17.2 Diagnosis 17.3 Nuclear Imaging 17.4 Image Findings of Common Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors 17.4.1 Osteosarcoma 17.4.2 Chondrosarcoma 17.4.3 Liposarcoma 17.4.4 Giant Cell Tumor 17.4.5 Ewing Sarcoma 17.4.6 Fibrogenic and Fibroblastic Tumors 17.4.7 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 17.4.8 Other Tumors References 18: Metastatic Musculoskeletal Tumors 18.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology 18.2 Diagnosis References 19: Marrow Replacement Disorders 19.1 Plasma Cell Disorders (Multiple Myeloma) 19.1.1 Clinical Findings 19.1.2 Image Findings 19.2 Lymphoma and Leukemia 19.2.1 Clinical Findings 19.2.2 Image Findings References Part VI: Miscellaneous Features in Musculoskeletal Nuclear Imaging 20: Soft Tissue Uptake of Bone Scan Agents 20.1 Heterotopic Ossification 20.2 Soft Tissue Calcification 20.2.1 Dystrophic Calcification 20.2.2 Metastatic Calcification 20.3 Causes of Soft Tissue Uptake Other than Calcification 20.3.1 Rhabdomyolysis 20.3.2 Expansion of the Interstitial Fluid Compartment 20.3.3 Primary or Metastatic Tumor Uptake Associated with Tumor Hypervascularity 20.4 Artificial Uptake of Bone Scan Agents References 21: Musculoskeletal Nuclear Imaging Pitfalls 21.1 Instrument-Related 21.1.1 Improper Photopeak Window Setting 21.2 Technique-Related 21.2.1 Intra-arterial Injection 21.2.2 Injection into Central Venous Catheter 21.2.3 Tourniquet Effect 21.2.4 Extravasation of Radiopharmaceutical 21.2.5 Improper Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals 21.3 Patient-Related 21.3.1 Influence of Recent Nuclear Medicine Study 21.3.2 Attenuation Artifact 21.3.3 Optimum Timing of Bone Scan After Trauma References Index