Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis

Description

Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis provides an overview of the different types of nanomaterials, design principles and synthesis protocols used for electrocatalytic reactions. The book is divided into four parts that thoroughly describe basic principles and fundamental of electrocatalysis, different types of nanomaterials used, and their electrocatalytic applications, limitations and future perspectives. As electrochemical systems containing nanomaterials, with relevance to experimental situation, yield better results, this book highlights new information and findings. Cover Half Title Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Part 1: Introduction 1. Nanoelectrocatalysis: An introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Construction and characterization of nanostructures 1.3 Efficient electrocatalysis enabled by nanostructures 1.3.1 Low-dimensional nanostructures 1.3.2 2D nanostructures 1.3.3 3D nanostructures 1.4 Conclusion References 2. 2D hybrid nanoarchitecture electrocatalysts 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Graphene-based electrocatalysts 2.3 Graphene nonmetallic composites 2.4 Graphene-metallic composites 2.5 Conclusion References 3. MXene-based nanomaterials for electrocatalysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structural and electronic properties 3.2.1 Structural properties 3.2.2 Electronic properties 3.3 Engineering of MXene-based nanomaterial 3.3.1 HF etching 3.3.2 Lewis acidic etching 3.3.3 Water-free etching 3.3.4 Treatment with alkali 3.3.5 Electrochemical etching 3.3.6 Chemical vapor deposition method 3.4 Applications in electrocatalysis 3.4.1 Oxygen reduction reaction 3.4.2 Oxygen evolution reaction 3.4.3 Hydrogen evolution reaction 3.4.4 CO2 reduction reaction 3.5 Summary and outlook References Part 2: Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic reactions such as ORR, OER and HER 4. Transition metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Synthesis methods of the TM nanoparticle-based catalysts 4.2.1 Hydrothermal method 4.2.2 Solvothermal method 4.2.3 Chemical reduction method 4.2.4 Electrochemical deposition method 4.2.5 Other synthetic methods 4.3 Structure and properties of TM nanoparticle-based catalysts 4.3.1 Substrate-free TM nanoparticle-based catalysts 4.3.2 Carbon substrate-assisted TM nanoparticle-based catalysts 4.3.3 Metallic substrate-assisted TM nanoparticle-based catalysts 4.4 Applications of TM nanoparticle-based catalysts toward 4.4.1 ORR applications 4.4.2 HER applications 4.4.3 OER applications 4.5 Summary References 5. Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Overpotential (η) 5.1.2 Tafel plot 5.1.3 Faradaic efficiency 5.1.4 Stability 5.2 Synthesis of metal chalcogenides 5.2.1 Solvothermal 5.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 5.2.3 Other methods 5.3 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for OER 5.4 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for ORR 5.5 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for HER 5.6 Transition metal chalcogenides-based multifunctional electrocatalysts 5.7 Conclusion and outlook Acknowledgment References 6. Metal-organic framework-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER 6.1 Introduction 6.2 MOF-based electrocatalysts for ORR 6.2.1 MOF-derived nitrogen-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts for ORR 6.2.2 MOF-derived nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts for ORR 6.3 MOF-based electrocatalysts for OER 6.3.1 MOF-derived metal-free materials for OER electrocatalyst 6.3.2 MOF-derived nonprecious metal-based OER electrocatalyst 6.4 MOF-based electrocatalysts for HER 6.4.1 MOF-derived metal-free carbon-based material for HER 6.4.2 MOF-derived NPM-based electrocatalyst for HER 6.4.3 Metal carbide, phosphides, and chalcogenides 6.5 MOF-based multifunctional electrocatalysts 6.5.1 MOF-derived OER/ORR bifunctional electrocatalysts 6.5.2 MOF-derived HER/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts 6.5.3 MOF-derived HER/ORR bifunctional electrocatalysts 6.5.4 MOF-derived HER/OER/ORR trifunctional electrocatalysts 6.6 Summary References 7. Heteroatom-doped graphene-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Graphene and heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials 7.2.1 Graphene 7.2.2 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials 7.2.3 Synthesis of heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials 7.3 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials as electrocatalysts 7.3.1 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for ORR 7.3.2 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for OER 7.3.3 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for HER 7.4 Summary and perspective Acknowledgments References 8. Metal-containing heteroatom doped carbon nanomaterials for ORR, OER, and HER 8.1 Introduction 8.2 M/N/C catalysts for the ORR 8.3 Synthesis of highly active M/N/C catalyst for the ORR 8.3.1 Fe/N/M catalysts derived from metal-organic frameworks 8.3.2 Fe/M/N catalysts from sacrificial templates 8.3.3 Fe/N/C catalysts derived from PANI 8.3.4 Fe/N/C catalyst from porous organic polymers as precursors 8.3.5 Other strategies for obtaining highly active M/N/C catalysts 8.4 Assessment of ORR performance of M/N/C catalysts 8.5 Physicochemical characterization of pyrolyzed M/N/C catalysts 8.5.1 Mössbauer spectroscopy 8.5.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 8.5.3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 8.5.4 Transmission electron microscopy 8.6 Metal-containing heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials References 9. Metal-organic frameworks for the electrocatalytic ORR and HER 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Engineering and effective strategies for modification of MOFs 9.2.1 Modification of MOFs by doping 9.2.2 MOF-derived materials 9.2.3 MOF-based composites 9.3 Applications of MOFs-based materials in fuel cells 9.3.1 MOFs for electrocatalytic ORR 9.3.2 MOFs for hydrogen production 9.4 Conclusion and future prospects References 10. LDH-based nanostructured electrocatalysts for hydrogen production 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Construction of TM-LDH nanostructures 10.2.1 Bottom-up approaches 10.2.2 Top-down approaches 10.3 Carbon nanomaterial-based TM-LDH nanohybrids 10.4 Electrocatalytic application for hydrogen production 10.5 Conclusion References 11. MOFs-derived hollow structure as a versatile platform for highly-efficient multifunctional electrocatalyst toward overall water-splitting and Zn-air battery 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Brief classification of hollow structures 11.2.1 Single-shelled hollow structures 11.2.2 Multishelled hollow structures 11.2.3 Other complex hollow structures 11.3 Active regulation strategy 11.3.1 Active site assembly 11.3.2 Electronic structure effect 11.3.3 Single-atom catalyst 11.3.4 Defect chemistry 11.3.5 Synergistic catalysis 11.4 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References Part 3: Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) 12. Noble-metals-free catalysts for electrochemical NRR 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Non-noble metal-based metal catalysts 12.2.1 Mo-based catalysts 12.2.2 Fe-based catalysts 12.2.3 Ti-based catalysts 12.2.4 Bi-based catalysts 12.2.5 Co, Ni-based catalysts 12.2.6 Other non-noble metal metal-based catalysts 12.3 Non-metal-based catalysts 12.3.1 B-based NRR catalysts 12.3.2 N-based catalysts 12.3.3 O- and S-based catalysts 12.3.4 P-based catalysts Competing interests Acknowledgments References 13. Noble metals-based nanocatalysts for electrochemical NNR 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Ru-based NRR catalysts 13.2.1 Single-atom Ru-based NRR catalysts 13.2.2 Supported Ru-based NRR catalysts 13.2.3 Ru-based alloy catalysts 13.3 Au-based NRR catalysts 13.3.1 Au catalyst nanostructure adjusting 13.3.2 Supported Au-based NRR catalysts 13.3.3 Au-based alloy NRR catalyst 13.4 Other noble metal-based NRR catalysts 13.4.1 Pd-based NRR catalysts 13.4.2 Pt-based NRR catalysts 13.5 Conclusions and prospects References 14. Electrochemical NRR with noble metals-based nanocatalysts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 NRR mechanism 14.3 Types of the electrochemical cell for NRR 14.4 Electrolytes for NRR 14.5 NRR based on noble metals 14.6 NRR based on Au nanocatalysts 14.7 NRR based on Ru nanocatalysts 14.8 NRR based on Pd nanocatalysts 14.9 Conclusions and outlook Acknowledgments References 15. Electrochemical NRR with noble metals-free catalysts 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Transition metal oxides-based electrocatalysts 15.2.1 Titanium oxides 15.2.2 Chromium oxides 15.2.3 Manganese oxides 15.2.4 Iron oxides 15.2.5 Nickel-based oxides 15.2.6 Niobium oxides 15.2.7 Other transition metal oxides 15.3 Transition metal sulfides-based electrocatalysts 15.3.1 Molybdenum sulfides 15.3.2 Iron sulfides 15.3.3 Other transition metal sulfides 15.4 Transition metal nitride-based electrocatalysts 15.5 Transition metal phosphides-based electrocatalysts 15.5.1 Cobalt phosphides 15.5.2 Nickel phosphides 15.5.3 Iron phosphides 15.6 Transition metal carbides-based electrocatalysts 15.6.1 Mxene-based electrocatalysts 15.6.2 Molybdenum carbides-based electrocatalysts 15.7 Metal-free electrocatalysts 15.7.1 Boron-doped carbon 15.7.2 Nitrogen-doped carbon 15.7.3 Fluorine-doped carbon 15.7.4 Sulfur-doped carbon 15.7.5 Black phosphorus 15.8 Conclusion References Part 4: Nanomaterials for Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction 16. Nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO2: An introduction References Index Cover back