Emerging Nanomaterials for Advanced Technologies

Description

Over the past decade the world has seen the rise of the fascinating and diverse field currently recognized as nanotechnology. This book covers a broad spectrum of topics within nanotechnology, including synthesis techniques, various innovative characterization techniques, growth mechanisms of nanomaterials, the physics and chemistry of nanomaterials, diverse functionalization methods, and the various applications of nanomaterials in biology, therapeutics, energy, food science, and environmental science. It also discusses applications of nanostructured materials, integrative applications such as nano- and micro-electronic sensor devices, as well as agricultural and environmental remediation applications. The book also includes a discussion of advances in functionalized nanomaterials (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) and covers the early stages of the development of functionalized nanostructures, considering the future for 2D nanomaterials and 3D objects. Additionally, it includes a chapter on nanomaterial research development that highlights work on the life-cycle analysis of nanostructured materials and toxicity aspects. This book proves useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of nanomaterials and green technology, as well as in the field of nanotechnology. It should be useful to students and specialized researchers in a number of disciplines ranging from biology, chemistry, and materials science to engineering and manufacturing in both academia and industry. Preface Contents Contributors About the Editors Chapter 1: An Insight on Emerging Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Various Nutraceutical Applications for the Betterment of Heath 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Role of Nutraceuticals 1.1.1.1 The Functional Role of Nutraceuticals 1.1.2 Role of Phytonutrients 1.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 1.2.1 Nutraceuticals with Nutrients 1.2.2 Nutraceuticals with Phytochemicals 1.2.3 Nutraceuticals with Dietary Supplements 1.3 Sources of Nutraceuticals 1.4 Recent Trends of Nutraceuticals in the Global Market 1.5 Bioavailability of Bioactive Compounds of Nutraceuticals 1.5.1 Enhancing the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals by Nanotechnology 1.6 Nanotechnology 1.6.1 Nanocarriers as Nano Delivery System 1.6.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1.6.3 Scenarios of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 1.7 Food-Grade Nanomaterials 1.7.1 Lipid as Nanomaterials 1.7.2 Polymer as Nanomaterials 1.7.3 Cellulose as Nanomaterials 1.7.4 Protein as Nanomaterials 1.7.5 Polysaccharide as Nanomaterials 1.8 Conclusion References Web Reference Chapter 2: Nanoscale Smart Drug Delivery Systems and Techniques of Drug Loading to Nanoarchitectures 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nanoscale Drug Delivery Strategies 2.2.1 Passive and Active Targeting 2.2.2 Cellular Internalization of Drug Nanocarriers by Endocytosis 2.2.3 Release of Drug from Nanoparticles 2.3 Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems 2.3.1 Classification of Nanoparticles Based on Composition 2.4 Organic Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers 2.4.1 Lipid-Based Amphiphilic Drug Delivery Systems 2.4.1.1 Nanoliposomes 2.4.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 2.4.2 Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems 2.4.2.1 Polymer-Based Micelle and Vesicles 2.4.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanogels 2.4.2.3 Dendrimer-Polymeric Nanocarriers 2.4.3 Carbon-Based Drug Delivery Systems 2.4.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2.4.3.2 Fullerenes 2.4.3.3 Graphenes 2.5 Inorganic Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers 2.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs) 2.5.2 Nanoshells 2.5.3 Quantum Dots (QDs) 2.5.4 Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) 2.5.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) 2.6 Techniques for Drug Loading to Nanoparticles 2.6.1 Drug Loading to Polymeric Nanoparticles 2.6.1.1 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Polymerization Method 2.6.1.2 Nanoparticles Synthesized from Synthetic Polymers 2.6.1.3 Nanoparticles Synthesized from Natural Polymer 2.6.2 Drug Loading Techniques to Various Nanostructures 2.6.2.1 Drug Loading to Micelles 2.6.2.2 Drug Loading to SLN 2.6.2.3 Drug Loading to Nanogels 2.6.2.4 Drug Loading to Dendrimers 2.6.2.5 Drug Loading to CNTs 2.6.2.6 Drug Loading to Fullerenes 2.6.2.7 Drug Loading to Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 2.6.2.8 Drug Loading to Quantum Dots 2.6.2.9 Drug Loading to MSNs 2.6.3 Drug Loading Efficiency 2.6.4 Stability and Storage of Nanoparticles 2.6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Treatment 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Limitations of Conventional Cancer Treatment 3.3 Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery System for Cancer Treatment 3.4 Unique Advantages of Nano DDS 3.4.1 Particle Size (Kumar et al. 2017; Arms et al. 2018; Ghasemiyeh and Mohammadi-Samani 2018; Tiruwa 2016; Ghasemiyeh and Mohammadi-Samani 2020; Sarcan et al. 2018) 3.4.2 High Drug Payload (Ghasemiyeh and Mohammadi-Samani 2018; Meunier et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2020; Qu et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2016) 3.4.3 Controlled Drug Release (Li et al. 2016a; Kamaly et al. 2016; Deodhar et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2019a; Paris et al. 2018) 3.4.4 Surface Modification (Ahmad et al. 2018a; Choi and Meghani 2016; Ahmad et al. 2018b; Ganesan et al. 2018; Ramalingam and Ko 2016; Ramalingam and Ko 2015; Ramalingam et al. 2016) 3.5 Physiology of Tumor and Tumor Targeting Using Nano DDS 3.5.1 Angiogenesis and Tumor Vasculatures 3.5.2 Mechanisms of Tumor Targeting by Nano DDS 3.5.2.1 Passive Tumor Targeting 3.5.2.2 Active Tumor Targeting 3.6 Nano DDS for Cancer Treatment 3.6.1 Organic Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment 3.6.1.1 Liposomes 3.6.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 3.6.1.3 Polymeric Micelles 3.6.1.4 Dendrimers 3.6.1.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 3.6.1.6 Polymer-Drug Conjugates 3.6.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment 3.6.2.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (Senapati et al. 2018; Ahmadi Nasab et al. 2018; Moreira et al. 2016; de Oliveira Freitas et al. 2017; Yang and Yu 2016; Saini and Bandyopadhyaya 2019) 3.6.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles (Sztandera et al. 2018; Peng and Liang 2019; Kumar et al. 2012; Singh et al. 2018) 3.6.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles (Zhang et al. 2018d; Kolosnjaj-Tabi and Wilhelm 2017; Fathi Karkan et al. 2017; Fathi et al. 2020; Lungu et al. 2016) 3.6.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes (Chen et al. 2017; Son et al. 2016; Pardo et al. 2018) 3.6.2.5 Quantum Dots (Zhao et al. 2016; Fang et al. 2017; Lee et al. 2017) 3.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Novel Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles as a Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicle in Cancer Treatment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Polymeric Micelles 4.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles 4.3.1 Role of Polymeric Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatments 4.4 Liposomes 4.4.1 Liposome-Encapsulated Drugs in Cancer Treatment 4.5 Dendrimers 4.6 Polymer Drug Conjugates 4.6.1 Polymer Drug Conjugates Against Cancer 4.7 Silica Nanoparticles 4.7.1 Silica Nanoparticles toward Cancer Therapy 4.8 Gold Nanoparticles 4.8.1 Applications of Gold Nanoparticles 4.8.2 Gold Nanoparticle Toward Cancer Therapy 4.8.3 Combinational Therapy of Phytochemicals with Gold Nanoparticle in Cancer Cells 4.9 Carbon Nanotubes 4.9.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy 4.10 Quantum Dots 4.10.1 Quantum Dot-Conjugated Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment 4.11 Nanographene 4.11.1 Nanographene-Conjugated Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment 4.12 Magnetic Nanoparticles 4.12.1 Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatments 4.13 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Potential of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites as Antibiofilm Agents: Leverages and Limitations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biofilms: The Way of Life of Microbial Cells 5.2.1 Stages in Biofilm Development 5.2.2 Detrimental Effects of Biofilms 5.2.3 Antibiotic and Biocide Tolerance/Resistance Mechanisms 5.3 Routes of Synthesis on Physicochemical Characteristics of MONs Influencing Antibiofilm Efficacy 5.3.1 Chemical and Hydrothermal Synthesis of MONs 5.3.2 Sol-Gel Synthesis of MONs 5.3.3 Sonochemical Synthesis of MONs 5.3.4 Coprecipitation Synthesis of MONs 5.3.5 Wet Chemical Synthesis of MONs 5.3.6 Electrochemical Synthesis of MONs 5.3.7 Biosynthesis of MONs 5.3.8 Growth of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 5.3.9 Influence of Growth of MONs on Morphology Vis-a-vis Synthesis Methods 5.4 Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 5.5 Polymer Nanocomposites as Antibiofilm Agents 5.5.1 Silver Nanoparticles 5.5.2 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 5.5.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 5.5.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 5.5.5 Control of Biofilm in Biomedical Settings and Implant Surfaces 5.5.6 Control of Oral Biofilms by Polymer Nanocomposites 5.6 Mechanism of Antibacterial Action of MONs 5.7 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Nanomaterials for A431 Epidermoid Carcinoma Treatment 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Grouping of Nanoparticles 6.1.2 Types of Nanoparticles 6.1.3 Properties of Nanoparticles 6.2 Cancer and Its History 6.2.1 Epidemiology 6.2.2 Cancer and Its Classifications 6.3 Nanotherapuetics to Overcome Cancer 6.4 Epidermoid Carcinoma (Skin Cancer) 6.4.1 Sorts of Skin Growth 6.4.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma 6.4.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epidermoid Carcinoma) 6.4.4 Melanoma 6.4.5 Signs and Side Effects of Skin Disease 6.4.6 Chance Elements Prompting Skin Growth 6.4.7 Treatment of Skin Tumor 6.4.8 Curettage and Drying Up 6.4.9 Radiation Treatment 6.4.10 Cryosurgery 6.4.11 Therapeutic Treatment 6.4.12 MTT Assay for Skin cancer Cell Lines Using Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 6.5 Nano Drug Delivery in Skin Cancer 6.5.1 Liposomes 6.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 6.5.3 Dendimers 6.5.4 Quantum Dots 6.5.5 Nanotubes 6.6 Efficacy of Nano Treatment in Future for Skin Cancer 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Efficacy of Nanomaterials and Its Impact on Nosocomial Infections 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Miniature Things with Marvelous Impact 7.1.2 Infectious Disease 7.2 Infectious Agent 7.2.1 Types of Infectious Agent 7.2.1.1 Bacteria 7.2.1.2 Fungi 7.2.1.3 Virus 7.2.1.4 Prion 7.3 Antimicrobial Agents 7.4 Antifungal Agents 7.5 Nano War against Infectious Disease 7.5.1 Nanomaterials in Bacterial Detection 7.5.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 7.5.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 7.5.1.3 Gold Nanoparticles 7.5.1.4 Localized Surface Plasmon’s 7.5.1.5 Fluorescent Nanoparticles 7.6 Nanomaterials in Viral Detection 7.6.1 SERS 7.6.2 Electrochemical Biosensing 7.6.3 Other Biosensing Methods 7.7 Advanced Nano Biomaterials to Treat Infectious Disease 7.7.1 Nano Vaccine 7.7.2 Nano Adjuvant 7.7.3 Quorum Sensing 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Nanonutraceuticals in Chemotherapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer 8.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nutraceuticals 8.1.1 Nano Fabrication 8.1.2 Types of Nanocarriers 8.1.2.1 Lipid-Based and Surfactant-Based Nanocarriers 8.1.2.2 Biopolymeric Nanocarriers 8.2 Nutraceuticals in Biomedical Applications 8.3 Nanonutraceutical Drug Delivery System 8.4 Nanosize Nutraceutical Formulations in Biomedical Applications 8.4.1 Nanovitamins and Nanominerals 8.4.2 Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 8.4.3 Nanophytochemicals 8.5 Nanonutraceuticals in the Chemotherapy of Cancer 8.6 Nanonutraceuticals and Anti-inflammatory Activity 8.7 Nanonutraceuticals in Medical Imaging 8.8 Nanonutraceuticals in Prophylaxis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 8.9 Nanonutraceuticals as Antibacterial Agents 8.10 Nanonutraceuticals in Antiviral Therapy 8.11 Utilization of Nanonutraceutical in COVID-19 Therapy: Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects 8.11.1 Toxicities of Nanonutraceuticals 8.12 Challenges and Future Perspectives 8.13 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 9: Trends of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Theranostics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Classification and Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer 9.2.1 Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 9.2.2 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 9.2.3 Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) 9.3 Limitations and Challenges of Conventional Lung Cancer Theranostics 9.4 Nanotechnology: A Promising Theranostic Tool for Lung Cancer 9.5 Role of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Theranostics 9.5.1 Synthesis and Mode of Action of Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs) 9.5.2 Fabrication and Application of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) 9.5.3 Biogenic Synthesis and Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles 9.5.4 Green Synthesis and Theranostic Use of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) 9.5.5 Bio-Fabrication and Mechanism of Action of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) 9.6 Trends of Semisynthetic Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Theranostics 9.6.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles 9.6.2 Polyherbal Nanoparticles 9.7 Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Prospects of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer 9.8 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in the Prevention of Infectious Diseases 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 10.3 Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine 10.4 Synthetic Nanomedicines 10.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles 10.4.2 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 10.4.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 10.4.2.2 Fullerenes 10.5 Gold Nanoparticles 10.6 Biological-Based Nanomedicines 10.6.1 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles 10.6.2 Poly-L-Lactide Nanoparticles 10.7 Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases 10.8 Types of Nano-Immuno Activators 10.8.1 Liposomes 10.8.2 VLPs (Virus like Particles) 10.8.3 Dendrimers 10.9 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Nanotechnology’s Promising Role in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Nanotechnology 11.1.2 Vector-Borne Diseases 11.1.3 Nanotechnology in Mosquito Control 11.2 Drug Delivery System of Nanoparticles for Mosquitoes Borne Diseases 11.2.1 Nanoliposomes 11.2.2 Nanosuspensions 11.2.3 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 11.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Biological Methods 11.3.1 Green-Based Nanoparticle 11.3.2 Microorganism-Based Nanoparticle 11.4 Nanotechnology for Arbovirus Detection and Control 11.4.1 Biosensor 11.4.2 Insect Repellents 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Phytosynthesized Metal Nanomaterials as an Effective Mosquitocidal Agent 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanomaterials 12.2.1 Physical Approach 12.2.2 Chemical Approach 12.2.3 Biological Approach 12.3 Limitations of Physicochemical Approach Compared to Biosynthesis Approaches 12.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Approach 12.3.1.1 Bacteria 12.3.1.2 Fungi 12.3.1.3 Algae 12.3.1.4 Virus 12.4 Phytosynthesis of Metal Nanomaterials 12.4.1 Phytosynthesis of Common Metallic Nanoparticles 12.4.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles 12.4.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 12.4.1.3 Copper Nanoparticles 12.4.1.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles 12.5 Mosquitocidal Activity of Metal Nanomaterials 12.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles 12.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles 12.5.3 Copper Nanoparticles 12.5.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles 12.6 Mosquitocidal Mechanism of Phytosynthesized Metal Nanoparticles 12.7 Future Perspective and Conclusion References Chapter 13: Perspectives of Metals and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Consequence – An Overview 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 What Are Nanostructures? 13.2 Metal Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents 13.2.1 Mode of Action of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 13.2.1.1 Nanoparticle Interaction with Cell Membrane 13.2.1.2 Oxidative Stress-Mediated Cell Death 13.2.1.3 Interaction of Dissolved Metal Ions with Protein and DNA 13.3 Antimicrobial Action of Nanoparticles 13.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) 13.3.2 Selenium Nanoparticles (Se NPs) 13.3.3 Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO NPs) 13.3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO_NPs) 13.3.5 Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs) 13.3.6 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) 13.3.7 Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Oxide composites (CaCO3 and MgO) 13.3.8 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) 13.3.9 Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (Cu & CuO NPs) 13.4 Nanoantibiotics: An Option to Fight Against Antibiotic Resistance 13.4.1 Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) 13.4.1.1 Silica–Antibiotics Combination Gentamicin-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles Silica NPs Conjugated with Tetracycline Antibiotic 13.5 Nanoparticle and Biofilm Interaction 13.6 Application of Metallic Nanoparticles 13.6.1 Dental Materials 13.6.2 Antitumor Properties 13.6.3 Textile Industry 13.6.4 Food Management 13.6.5 Wastewater Management 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Advancement in Nanomaterial Synthesis and its Biomedical Applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Historical Development of Nanomaterials in Relevance to Biology and Medicine 14.2.1 History of Nanobiology 14.3 Infection and Their Treatment – Current Knowledge 14.3.1 Antibiotics Targeting Cell Wall 14.3.1.1 Beta-Lactam Antibiotics 14.3.1.2 Glycopeptides 14.3.2 Inhibition of Protein Biosynthesis 14.3.2.1 Inhibitors of 30S Subunits Aminoglycosides 14.3.2.2 Inhibition of 50S Subunits Chloramphenicol Macrolides Oxazolidinones 14.3.3 Inhibitors of DNA Replication 14.3.3.1 Quinolones 14.3.4 Folic Acid Metabolism Inhibitors 14.3.4.1 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 14.4 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance 14.4.1 Prevention of Accumulation of Antimicrobials 14.4.1.1 Efflux Pumps 14.4.1.2 Modification of Target Molecule 14.4.1.3 Antibiotic Inactivation 14.5 Non-antibiotic Treatments for Infections 14.5.1 Phage Therapy 14.5.2 Bacteriocins 14.5.3 Killing Factors 14.5.4 Antibacterial Activities of Non-antibiotic Drugs 14.5.5 Quorum Quenching 14.6 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Nanoparticles 14.6.1 Direct Absorption of Nanoparticles 14.6.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production 14.6.3 Cell Wall Damage 14.7 Nanomaterials in Controlling Infections 14.7.1 Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems 14.7.1.1 Chitosan 14.7.1.2 Metallic Nanoparticles Silver Copper Titanium Magnesium Zinc 14.7.1.3 Nitric Oxide – Releasing Nanoparticles 14.7.1.4 Drug – Infused Nanoparticles 14.7.1.5 Immunomodulatory Effects 14.7.2 Nanotechnology-Based Vaccines and Immunostimulatory Adjuvants 14.7.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 14.7.2.2 Nanoemulsions 14.7.2.3 Immune Stimulating Complexes 14.7.2.4 Cytidine-Phosphate-Guanosine (CpG) Motifs 14.7.2.5 Chitosan 14.7.2.6 Metallic Nanoparticles 14.8 Role of Nanomaterials in Other Diseases 14.8.1 Neurodegeneration 14.8.1.1 Metal Nanoparticles 14.8.1.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 14.8.1.3 Hydrogels 14.8.1.4 Dendrimers 14.8.1.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 14.8.2 Cancer Therapy 14.8.2.1 Treatment Modalities in cancer Immune Checkpoint Modulators Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapeutic Antibodies Cancer Treatment Vaccines Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy (CAR-T Cell Therapy) Stem Cell Transplant 14.8.2.2 Nanotechnology Used in cancer Treatment Nanocarriers Passive Targeting Active Targeting Destruction from inside the Cell (Photothermal Targeting) Simultaneous Delivery of Two Drugs 14.8.3 Nanotechnology in Diabetes Mellitus 14.8.3.1 Nanoparticles for Insulin Delivery 14.9 Future Perspective of Nanomedicine and Biology 14.10 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Perspectives of Nanotechnology in Aquaculture: Fish Nutrition, Disease, and Water Treatment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanotechnology Application in Fish Nutrition 15.2.1 Nanoparticles’ Role in Fish Nutrition 15.2.2 Nanotechnology Application in the Aquafeed Industry 15.3 Nanotechnology Application in Aquaculture Disease Control 15.3.1 Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agents in Aquaculture 15.3.2 Nanoparticles as Vaccine/Drug Delivery Vector 15.4 Nanotechnology Application for Water Quality Management in Aquaculture 15.4.1 Nanocatalysts and Nanoadsorbents in Aquaculture 15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 16: Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Nanomaterials in Biosensors 16.3 Types of Nanomaterials in Biosensor 16.3.1 Nanosized Metal Compounds 16.3.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 16.3.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 16.3.1.3 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs) 16.3.1.4 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) 16.3.1.5 Quantum Dots 16.3.1.6 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 16.3.1.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 16.3.1.8 Other Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 16.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 16.3.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 16.3.2.2 Graphene 16.3.3 Polymeric Nanomaterials 16.3.3.1 Conducting Polymers 16.3.3.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 16.3.3.3 Dendrimers 16.3.4 Nanosized Biomaterials 16.3.4.1 Chitosan 16.3.4.2 Aptamers 16.3.4.3 DNA Nanomaterials 16.4 Applications of Nanobiosensors 16.4.1 In the Medical Field 16.4.2 In Environmental Monitoring 16.4.3 In Food Industry 16.4.4 In Agriculture 16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives References Chapter 17: Nano-Adsorbents and Nano-Catalysts for Wastewater Treatment 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Synthesis Approaches for Nano-Catalysts/Adsorbents 17.2.1 Sol-Gel Method 17.2.2 Micro-Emulsion Method 17.2.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis 17.2.4 Co-precipitation 17.2.5 Polyol Synthesis 17.3 Types of Nano-Adsorbents and Nano-Catalysts 17.3.1 Metal-Based Nano Adsorbents 17.3.1.1 Iron Oxide Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.1.2 Titanium Oxide Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.1.3 Cobalt Oxide Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.1.4 Zinc Oxide Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.1.5 Mixed Metal Oxides Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.1.6 Aluminium Oxide Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.1.7 Magnesium Oxide Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.2 Polymer-Based Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.3 Silica- and Carbon-Based Nano-Adsorbents 17.3.4 Nano-Catalysts for Wastewater Treatment 17.4 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Nano-Bioremediation Using Biologically Synthesized Intelligent Nanomaterials 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Conventional Technology of Soil Remediation 18.2.1 Physical Methods 18.2.1.1 Vitrification 18.2.1.2 Electrokinetic Technique 18.2.1.3 Permeable Barrier System 18.2.1.4 Encapsulation 18.2.1.5 Soil Washing 18.2.2 Chemical Methods 18.2.2.1 Precipitation 18.2.2.2 Ion Exchange 18.2.2.3 Flocculation 18.2.2.4 Stabilization 18.2.3 Biological Methods 18.2.3.1 Microbial Degradation 18.2.3.2 Phytoremediation 18.3 Knowledge of Nanotechnological Application in Soil Remediation 18.3.1 Nanomaterials Used in Soil Remediation 18.3.2 Nano-Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 18.3.3 Nano-Bioremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 18.3.4 The Fate of Nanoparticles Used in Soil System 18.4 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticle 18.5 Intelligent Nano-Biosensors for Soil Remediation: An Innovative Approach 18.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Chapter 19: Recent Developments in Nanotechnological Interventions for Pesticide Remediation 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Background of Nanotechnology 19.3 Nanobiotechnology 19.4 Nanomaterials 19.4.1 Nanoparticles in Pesticide Remediation 19.4.2 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 19.4.2.1 Bacterial Synthesis of Nanoparticles 19.4.2.2 Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles 19.4.2.3 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Fungi and Yeast 19.5 Mechanism Behind Nanomaterial-Based for Pesticide Sensing and Remediation 19.5.1 Homogeneous Chemistry 19.5.2 Heterogeneous Chemistry 19.6 Various Types of Nanoparticles for Pesticide Sensing, Remediation, and Elimination 19.6.1 Metal Nanoparticles 19.6.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles 19.6.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 19.6.1.3 Iron Nanoparticles 19.6.2 Bimetallic Nanoparticles 19.6.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 19.6.3.1 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles 19.6.3.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 19.6.3.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 19.6.3.4 Silica Oxide Nanoparticles 19.7 Nanocomposites 19.8 Nanobiocomposites 19.9 Nanotubes 19.9.1 Carbon Nanotubes 19.9.2 Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) 19.10 Nanobioremediation 19.11 Biosensors for the Detection of Pesticides 19.11.1 Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors 19.11.1.1 Enzyme Biosensors 19.11.1.2 Immunosensor 19.11.2 Nanoparticle-Based Optical Biosensors 19.11.3 Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 19.12 Future Perspectives 19.13 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 20: Potential Applications of Nanomaterials in Agronomy: An African Insight 20.1 Introduction 20.2 African Smallholder Crop Production Challenges 20.2.1 Soil Fertility Management 20.2.2 Plant Pest Management 20.2.3 Drought/Water Shortages and Management 20.3 Current Nanotechnologies in Agriculture 20.3.1 Nano-fertilizers 20.3.2 Nanopesticides 20.4 Mycosynthesis of Nanomaterials 20.5 Potential of Nanotechnologies in African Smallholder Agriculture 20.5.1 The Soil 20.5.2 The Crop Yield 20.6 Socioeconomic Implications of Nanotechnology on Agriculture 20.7 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation: Resolving Huge Problems with Tiny Particles 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Sources of Wastewater 21.3 Mechanism 21.4 Remediation 21.4.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials 21.4.1.1 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles 21.4.1.2 Iron Oxide 21.4.1.3 Spinel Ferrites 21.4.2 Transition Metal Oxide NPs 21.4.2.1 Titania 21.4.2.2 Copper Oxide 21.4.2.3 Zinc Oxide 21.4.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 21.4.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 21.4.3.2 Graphene Nanomaterials 21.4.4 Nanomembranes 21.5 Conclusion and Future Prospect References Chapter 22: Impact of Nanomaterials on Waste Management: An Insight to the Modern Concept of Waste Abatement 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Toxic Chemicals and Heavy Metals 22.3 Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 22.4 Nanomaterials in Solid Waste Management 22.5 Integration of Nanotechnology with Bioremediation 22.6 Risk Assessment 22.7 Recent Trends and Future Outlook 22.8 Conclusion References Chapter 23: Applicability of Emerging Nanomaterials in Microbial Fuel Cells as Cathode Catalysts 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Basic Principle and Architecture of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 23.3 Cathode Catalysis 23.3.1 Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 23.3.2 Catalyst Materials Used in MFCs 23.4 Emerging Nanomaterials in Cathode Catalysis 23.4.1 Transition Metal/Metal Oxide and Alloy-Based Cathode Catalysts 23.4.2 Metal-Carbon Hybrid Catalysts 23.4.3 Metal-Activated Carbon Hybrids 23.4.4 Metal-Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) and Nanotubes (CNTs) 23.4.5 Metal-Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 23.4.6 Metal-Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 23.5 Potentiodynamic Effects of Nanomaterials 23.6 Anode Modifications 23.7 Conclusions References Chapter 24: Metal Oxide Nanostructured Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Nanotechnology in Energy Systems 24.1.2 Present Scenario of Conventional and Potential Methods of Energy Generation 24.2 Fundamental Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Process 24.2.1 Thermochemical Water Splitting 24.2.2 Photobiological Water Splitting 24.2.3 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 24.2.4 Photocatalytic Water Splitting 24.2.4.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 24.2.4.2 Hydrogen Generation Efficiency 24.3 Heterojunction Architecture 24.3.1 Type 1 24.3.2 Type 2 24.3.3 Type 3 24.3.4 Z-Scheme 24.3.5 Binary Semiconductor Photocatalyst 24.3.5.1 Oxide-Based Binary Photocatalyst 24.3.5.2 Nitride-Based Binary Photocatalyst 24.3.5.3 Chalcogenide-Based Binary Photocatalyst 24.3.6 Ternary Oxide Photocatalysts 24.3.6.1 Perovskite Photocatalysts (ABO3 Type) 24.3.6.2 Delafossite Photocatalyst (ABO2 Type) 24.3.6.3 Spinel Photocatalyst (AB2O4 Type) 24.3.6.4 ABO4 Type Photocatalyst 24.4 Metal-Semiconductor Heterojunction Photocatalysis 24.5 Semiconductor-Semiconductor Heterojunction Photocatalyst 24.6 Modifications in Photocatalysts 24.6.1 Metal and Non-metal Implantation 24.6.2 Effect of Co-catalyst Loading 24.6.3 Dye Sensitization 24.7 Operating Conditions Affecting the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 24.7.1 Particle Size 24.7.2 Surface Area 24.7.3 Reaction Temperature 24.7.4 Catalyst 24.7.5 Effect of pH 24.8 Photocatalytic Reactors 24.8.1 Thin-Film-Type Photocatalytic Reactors 24.8.2 Slurry-Type Photocatalytic Reactors 24.9 Challenges and Future Perspective 24.10 Applications of Hydrogen Generation 24.10.1 Hydrogen as a Feedstock 24.10.2 Hydrogen in Fertilizers Industries 24.10.3 Fuel Industry 24.10.4 Methanol Production 24.10.5 Hydrogen in Electronics Industry 24.10.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel 24.11 Conclusion References Chapter 25: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Heterocycles Over Heterogeneous Cerium-Based Nanocatalysts 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Applications of Cerium-Based Catalysts in the Synthesis and Functionalization of Heterocycles 25.2.1 Commercial CeO2 25.2.2 Synthetic Nano-CeO2 25.2.2.1 Nanostructured CeO2 from the Co-precipitation Method 25.2.2.2 Nanostructured CeO2 from the Polymer-Directed Method 25.2.2.3 Nanostructured CeO2 from the Biology-Directed Method 25.2.3 Cerium Mixed Oxides 25.2.4 Cerium-Solid Material Composite 25.2.4.1 CeO2-Polymer 25.2.4.2 CeO2-Silica 25.2.4.3 CeO2-Clay Composite 25.2.4.4 CeO2-Carbon Template 25.2.5 CeO2 as Solid Support 25.3 Cerium-Based Catalysts for the Vapour-Phase Synthesis of Heterocycles 25.4 Cerium-Based Catalysts for the Synthesis of CO2-Derived Heterocycles 25.5 Summary and Outlook References Index