The ecology of Sumatra

Description

Table of Contents Acknowledgements Foreword to the Original Edition Preface to the Original Edition Reflections on Sumatra: 1983-1998 PART A Introduction 1. Background Geomorphological and Geological History Soils Climates Palaeoclimate Present Climate Vegetation Palaeovegetation Present Vegetation Fauna Palaeofauna Present Fauna Biogeography Differences between Realms/Zones Differences within the Sunda Region Differences within Sumatra Prehistory and History Prehistory of Man History- Its Effects on Natural Ecosystems PART B Natural Ecosystems 2. Mangrove Forests Introduction Important Physical Features Tides Salinity Temperature Surface Currents Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen Smnmary of Water Quality in a Mangrove Forest Energy Flow and the Importance of Mangrove Vegetation to Fisheries The Vegetation Tree Species Zonation Plant Succession Geomorphological Change Physiological Response to Soil-Water Salinity Differential Dispersal of Propagules Biomass and Productivity Tannins The Coastline of Eastern Sumatra and the Role of Mangroves in Land Extension Fauna The Challenges of Living in Mangroves Zonation and Characte ristics of the Aquatic Fauna Biomass of Aquatic Fauna Terrestrial Fauna Birds Effects of the Fauna on the Vegetation 3. Other Coastal Ecosystems Introduction Beach Vegetation Pes-caprae Formation Barringtonia Formation Productivity Brackishwater Forrests Rocky Shores Coral Reefs Productivity 4. Rivers and Lakes Introduction Sumatran Rivers and Lakes Effects of the Catchment Area on Rivers and Lakes Water Input Water Chemistry Biotic Components Plants Fungi and Bacteria Animals Food Webs Physical Patterns in Lakes Lake Kawar and Lake Mardingding Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Nutrients and Conductivity Light Penetration Stability Biotic Patterns in Lakes Layers - Light and Oxygen Water Hyacinth Community Ecology Physical Patterns in Rivers Current Velocity Shear Stress on the Riverbed Riverbed Particle Size Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Mineral Nutrients Biotic Patterns in Rivers Energy Flow in Rivers Longitudinal Patterns Current Plants Invertebrates Fish Substratum Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Mineral Nutrients Biotic Factors Benthos Dynamics in Rivers Invertebrate Drift Colonisation Cycles 5. Peatswamp Forests Introduction Peatswamp Formation Formation of Ombrogenous Peatswamp Formation of Topogenous Peatswamp Drainage and Drainage Water Vegetation Composition Structure Ecological Consequences of Low Nutrient Levels Ecological Consequences of High Levels of Secondary Compounds Microorganisms Aquatic Animals Terrestrial Animals 6. Freshwater-Swamp Forests Introduction Soils Vegetation Composition and Structure Adaptations to Floods Fauna 7. Lowland Forests Introduction Diversity of Plants Diversity of Animals Vegetation Characteristics Forest Growth Cycle Floristic Composition and Variation Layering Basal Area Biomass Leaf Area Index Litter Production Total Primary Production Mineral Cycling Ecology of Some Forest Components Roots Buttresses and Trunks Climbing Plants Epiphytes and Epiphylls Gaps Figs Rafflesia Cycles of Flower, Fruit and Leaf Production Gregarious Fruiting Effects of Flower, Fruit and Leaf Production Cycles on Animals Seed Dispersal Leaves and Bark as Sources of Food Leaves Bark Soil and Its Animals Termites Spacing of Vertebrate Animals Social Systems Niches Niche Differentiation Primates Temporal Separation of Animal Calls Density of Larger Animals 8. Uncommon Lowland Forests Introduction Heath Forest/Padang Vegetation Soil Drainage Water Vegetation Fauna Distribution of Heath Forest on Bangka and Belitung Islands Ironwood Forest Introduction The Tree The Forest Soils and Topography Fauna Ecological Significance Forest on Limestone Introduction Soils Vegetation Fauna 9. Mountains Introduction Climate Temperature Relative Humidity Clouds Rainfall Frost Ultraviolet Radiation Soils Vegetation Introduction Characteristic Plants Leaf Adaptations to Temperature and Radiation Origin and Dispersal of the Flora Biomass and Productivity Mineral Cycling Limitations on Forest Distribution and Growth Similarities between Upper Montane Forest and Heath Forest Volcanoes Mountain Lakes Animals and Their Zonation Invertebrates Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Mammals 10. Caves Introduction Cave Structure The Cave as a Habitat Darkness Temperature, Humidity and Air Flow Food Roof Community Floor Community Food Webs and Pyramids Differences Within Caves Differences Between Caves Caves as Islands PART C Man-Made Ecosystems 11. Effects of Disturbance Introduction General Effects of Disturbance on Forests Introduction The Relevance of Island Biogeographic Theory Genetic Erosion and Conservation Atmospheric and Climatic Changes Primary Succession - The Case of Krakatau Mangroves Other Coastal Ecosystems Beach Vegetation Brackishwater Forest Rocky Shores Coral Reefs Rivers and Lakes Introduction Industrial and Domestic Pollution Poisons and Bombs Aquarium and Food Trade Introduced Species Forest Clearance Peatswamp Forest Freshwater Swamp Forest Lowland Forest Introduction Shifting Cultivation Effects of Logging on the Soil Effects of Logging on Hydrology Effects of Logging on the Forest Effects of Disturbance on the Fauna Bamboo Macaranga Uncomon Lowland Forests Heath Forest/Padang Vegetation Ironwood Forest Forest on Limestone Mountains Caves 12. Agricultural Egosystems Introduction Green Revolution Integrated Pest Management Non-Insect Pests Rice-Field Ecology The Ecology of Rice-Field Rats Plantations Introduction Large Pests Rats and Their Predators Pest Control by Predators 13. Urban Ecology Introduction Vegetation Life on Walls Algae Geckos Lichens - Monitors of Pollution Ditches Bats Birds Introduction Swifts Notes Bibliography Index