Micro to Quantum Supercapacitor Devices

Description

Supercapacitors have established their role as high-power density devices capable of storing energy for multiple cycles; these devices are more plentiful than batteries. This book outlines the fundamentals of charge-storage mechanisms in different configurations of supercapacitors. It describes the supercapacitor-related phenomena, state-of-the-art supercapacitor technologies, design and fabrication of electrodes, supercapacitor materials, macro-supercapacitor, planar supercapacitor, significance of electrode design, merits, demerits of current technologies, and future directions. It also details related physics, including prospective materials and electrode parameters. Features: Provides understanding of the device architecture, electrode design, and pros-cons of classical supercapacitors Explains material design in the context of electrochemical energy storage Covers state-of-the-art quantum supercapacitor and technological challenges Describes advanced versions of supercapacitor devices, including macro-to-micro scale devices and applications at different scales Includes details of challenges and outlines of future designs This book is aimed at researchers and professionals in electronics, electrochemistry, energy-storage engineering, chemical engineering, and materials science. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Author 1. Fundamentals of Supercapacitors 1.1 Introduction and historical overview 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.1.1 Basics of Electrostatic Capacitor 1.1.1.2 Applications of Electrostatic Capacitors 1.1.1.3 Electrolytic Capacitor 1.1.2 Historical Overview of Supercapacitor 1.2 Basic principle of supercapacitors and energy-storage mechanism 1.2.1 Basic Principle of Supercapacitors 1.2.1.1 Description of Electrical Double-Layer 1.2.1.2 Peak Current and Charging Current 1.2.1.3 The Helmholtz Model 1.2.1.4 The Gouy-Chapman Theory 1.2.1.5 Stern's Modification 1.2.1.6 Pseudocapacitance 1.2.2 Energy-Storage Mechanism 1.2.2.1 Pseudocapacitors 1.2.2.2 Hybrid Supercapacitors 1.2.2.3 Composite Electrodes 1.2.2.4 Asymmetric Hybrids 1.2.2.5 Battery Type 1.3 Basic structure and components of a supercapacitor 1.4 Symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors 1.5 Planar and non-planar supercapacitors 1.6 Electrolytes 1.6.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 1.6.2 Organic Electrolytes 1.6.3 Ionic Liquids 1.6.4 Solid State Polymer Electrolytes 2. Electrochemical Measurements for Supercapacitors 2.1 Measurement of Three-Electrode System 2.2 Measurement of Two-Electrode System 2.3 Techniques for Data Analysis 2.3.1 Cyclic Voltammetry 2.3.2 Galvanostatic Charging-Discharging 2.3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2.4 Modelling Techniques for Supercapacitors from Electrode to Electrolyte 2.4.1 Basic Methodology 2.4.2 Molecular Simulations 2.4.3 Density Functional Theoretical Calculations 2.4.4 Capacitance Calculations 2.4.4.1 Calculation of Specific Capacitance from CV, GCD, and EIS 2.4.4.2 Why We Cannot Calculate the Specific Capacitance of a Battery-like Material 2.4.4.3 The Contribution of Charge: Diffusion-Controlled and Capacitive 3. State-of-Art Supercapacitor Design 3.1 Fundamentals of Planar Supercapacitor 3.2 Electrode Design 3.3 Materials Design 3.3.1 Graphene Carbon Nanotube Hybrid 3.3.2 Graphene/Metal Oxide Hybrids 3.4 In situ and ex situ Material Synthesis Parameters 3.5 Device Design Architecture 3.5.1 Device Configurations of Supercapacitor 3.5.2 Self-Healing Supercapacitors 3.5.3 Shape-Memory Supercapacitors 3.5.4 Electrochromic Supercapacitors 3.6 New Devices and Applications of Supercapacitor 3.6.1 Battery-SC Hybrid (BSH) Device 3.6.2 Electrochemical Flow Capacitor (EFC) 3.6.3 Alternating Current (AC) Line-Filtering Supercapacitors 3.6.4 Thermally Chargeable Supercapacitors 3.6.5 Piezoelectric Supercapacitors 4. Supercapacitor Materials 4.1 Porous Materials 4.1.1 Carbon Materials 4.1.2 Activated Carbon (AC) 4.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 4.1.4 Graphene 4.2 Metal Oxides 4.2.1 Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) 4.2.2 Nickel Oxide 4.2.3 Manganese Oxide 4.3 Polymers 4.3.1 Pure Conducting Polymers 4.3.2 Polyaniline (PANI) 4.3.3 Polypyrrole 4.3.4 Polythiophene 4.4 Hybrid Materials 4.4.1 Carbon-CPs Composites 4.4.2 Metal Oxide and Conducting Polymer-Based Composites 4.5 Future Materials 5. Macro Supercapacitor 5.1 Flexible Supercapacitors (FSCs) 5.1.1 FEs/FSCs with Plastic Fiber Scaffold 5.1.2 Natural Fiber Supported FEs/FSCs 5.1.3 FEs/FSCs Scaffolded by CNT Yarn 5.1.4 Paper-Like FEs and FSCs 5.1.5 3D Porous FEs and Corresponding FSCs 5.1.6 Textile FEs and FSCs 5.2 Optically Active Supercapacitor 6. Planar Micro-Supercapacitor 6.1 Differences in Macro-Supercapacitor and Planar Micro-Supercapacitors 6.2 Mechanism of Electrochemical Interactions 6.2.1 Fundamentals of Double Layer Capacitance and Pseudocapacitance 6.2.2 Charge-Storage Mechanism in EDLCs 6.2.2.1 Basic Difference between the Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, Pseudocapacitor, and Battery-Based on Charge-Storage Mechanisms 6.2.3 Transition From Electrophysical Storage to Pseudocapacitive Storage 6.3 Energy Density and Power Density 6.4 Ultra Small Planar Devices 6.5 Device Design Parameters 7. Self-Powered Supercapacitor 7.1 Mechanism 7.2 State-of-Art Design and Applications 7.2.1 Wearable Electronics 7.2.2 Flexible Electronics 7.2.3 Healthcare Applications 8. Design and Fabrication of Planar Supercapacitor Electrodes 8.1 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Interaction 8.2 Design Dependent Energy-Storage Mechanism 8.2.1 Screen Printing 8.2.2 Inkjet Printing 8.2.3 Photolithography 8.2.4 Laser Scribing 8.2.5 Mask-Assisted Filtering 8.3 Materials Dependent Design Parameters 8.3.1 Design of Wlectrode Materials 8.3.2 Pseudo MSCs 8.4 Current Status 8.5 Quantum Batteries and Supercapacitors 9. Future Applications 9.1 Powering Small Robots 9.2 Flexible and Wearable Electronics 9.3 Supercapacitors in Renewable Energy Devices 9.4 Challenges of Supercapacitor Utilization in Future Applications References Index