Multifunctional Materials: Engineering and Biological Applications

Description

This comprehensive book is essential for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of advanced materials and their transformative impact across multiple disciplines, from cutting-edge technologies to innovative solutions in engineering and biology. Multifunctional Materials: Engineering and Biological Applications is a comprehensive guide on advanced materials, a class of materials that exhibit novel properties, high performance, and unique functionalities that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. These materials are typically engineered at the molecular or atomic level, allowing precise control over their structure and properties. The field of advanced materials is vast, covering a range of material types and applications. This volume covers topics on the chemistry, properties, and applications of advanced materials. The study of advanced materials involves multiple disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Advances in this field have led to the development of new and improved technologies, such as high-efficiency solar cells, lightweight and strong materials for aerospace applications, and new drug delivery systems for disease treatment. The volume: Demonstrates materials synthesis and characterization of multifunctional materials; Examines properties and functionalities of multifunctional materials, such as mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, as well as other functional properties; Outlines multifunctional materials applications, including their use in biomedical devices, aerospace and defense systems, and consumer electronics; Provides a comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field, covering topics related to materials science, engineering, and technology. Audience: Researchers, industry scientists and engineers, academics, and postgraduate students working in the fields of materials chemistry, applied chemistry, nanotechnology, chemical technology, polymer science and engineering, and industrial chemistry. Cover Half Title Multifunctional Materials: Engineering and Biological Applications Copyright Contents Preface 1. Multifunctional Polymer Chemistry: Sustainable Synthetic Procedures 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Multifunctional Polymers 1.1.2 Importance of Sustainable Synthetic Procedures in Polymer Chemistry 1.2 Sustainable Synthetic Procedures for Multifunctional Polymer Synthesis 1.2.1 Green Chemistry Principles and Their Application to Polymer Synthesis 1.2.1.1 Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) 1.2.1.2 Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization 1.2.1.3 Chemo Enzymatic Method of Polymerization 1.2.1.4 Photo-Initiated Radical Polymerization 1.2.1.5 Enzymatic Polymerization 1.2.1.6 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization 1.2.1.7 Coordinative Ring-Opening Polymerization 1.2.1.8 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Polymerization 1.2.2 Bio-Based Monomers and Renewable Feedstocks for Polymer Synthesis 1.2.2.1 Renewable Energy Sources 1.2.2.2 Feedstocks from Agriculture and Forestry 1.2.2.3 Microbial Synthesis 1.2.2.4 Polymerization of Bio-Based Monomers 1.2.3 Catalysts and Reaction Conditions for Sustainable Polymerization Processes 1.3 Functionalization of Multifunctional Polymers 1.3.1 Sustainable Functionalization Reactions for Multifunctional Polymers 1.3.1.1 Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) Reactions 1.3.1.2 Ugi Reaction 1.3.1.3 Sequential Post-Polymerization Modification 1.3.1.4 Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly 1.3.1.5 Green Route Strategy 1.4 Applications of Multifunctional Polymers 1.4.1 Biomedical Applications 1.4.2 Sensors and Actuators 1.4.3 Energy Applications 1.4.4 Environmental Applications 1.4.5 Structural Applications 1.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 1.5.1 Current Limitations and Challenges in Sustainable Multifunctional Polymer Chemistry 1.5.1.1 Lack of Standardized Methods 1.5.1.2 Limited Availability of Renewable Feedstocks 1.5.1.3 Environmental Impact 1.5.1.4 Performance Limitations 1.5.1.5 Cost 1.6 Conclusion References 2. Biopolymers: Green and Sustainable Approach in Polymer Science 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Advantages of Biopolymers Over Traditional Polymers 2.1.2 Types of Biopolymers 2.1.2.1 Biopolymer Derived from Sugar 2.1.2.2 Biopolymer Derived from Starch 2.1.2.3 Biopolymer Derived from Cellulose 2.1.2.4 Biopolymer Derived from Lignin 2.1.2.5 Polynucleotides 2.1.2.6 Biopolymers Derived from Synthetic Materials 2.1.2.7 Biodegradable Biopolymers and Based on Renewable Basic Resources 2.1.2.8 Non-Biodegradable Biopolymers and Based on Renewable Basic Resources 2.1.2.9 Biodegradable and Created from Fossil Fuels 2.2 Biopolymer Synthesis 2.2.1 Microbial Synthesis 2.2.1.1 Polysaccharides 2.2.1.2 Biopolymers Based on Proteins 2.2.2 Plant-Based Synthesis 2.2.3 Animal-Based Synthesis 2.2.3.1 Collagen 2.2.3.2 Keratin 2.2.3.3 Gelatin 2.3 Properties of Biopolymers 2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 2.3.1.1 Tensile Strength 2.3.1.2 Flexibility and Ductility 2.3.1.3 Friction Phenomena and Wearing Resistance 2.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 2.3.2 Thermal Properties 2.3.2.1 Thermal Stability 2.3.2.2 Thermal Conductivity 2.3.3 Biodegradability 2.4 Applications of Biopolymers 2.4.1 Packaging 2.4.2 Textiles 2.4.3 Biomedical Applications 2.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 2.5.1 Economic Viability 2.5.2 Large-Scale Production 2.5.3 Innovations in Biopolymer Research in the Future 2.6 Conclusion References 3. Multifunctional Polymeric Materials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials 3.2.1 Smart Polymers 3.2.2 Self-Healing Polymers 3.2.3 Shape Memory Polymers 3.2.4 Conducting Polymers 3.2.5 Biodegradable Polymers 3.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials 3.3.1 Method of Polymerization 3.3.2 Copolymerization 3.3.3 Incorporation of Functional Groups 3.4 Properties and Applications of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials 3.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 3.4.2 Electrical Properties 3.4.3 Optical Properties 3.4.4 Biological Properties 3.5 Application of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials 3.5.1 Applications in Electronics 3.5.2 Applications in Biomedical Field 3.5.2.1 Drug Delivery Systems 3.5.2.2 Tissue Engineering 3.5.2.3 Diagnostic Imaging 3.5.2.4 Biosensors 3.5.2.5 Wound Healing 3.5.2.6 Implantable Devices 3.5.2.7 Gene Transfer 3.5.2.8 Antibacterial Layers 3.5.3 Applications in Packaging Industry 3.6 Future Prospects of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Conclusion References 4. Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for Aerospace, Electronic, Energy, and Biomedical Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fundamentals of Multifunctional Composites/Nanocomposites 4.2.1 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNCs) 4.2.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs) 4.2.3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNCs) 4.3 Advancements and Current Research in Multifunctional Nanocomposites 4.4 Applications of Multifunctional Composites/Nanocomposites 4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook References 5. Multifunctional Supramolecular Polymers 5.1 Introduction to Supramolecular Polymers 5.2 Supramolecular Chemistry Overview 5.3 Basic Supramolecular Polymer Principles 5.4 Significant Characteristics of Supramolecular Polymers 5.4.1 Dynamic Nature 5.4.2 Adaptability 5.4.3 Structural Diversity 5.4.4 Hierarchical Assembly 5.4.5 Recycling and Sustainability 5.4.6 Innovative Materials 5.5 Molecular Self-Assembly and Supramolecular Chemistry 5.6 Synthetic Approaches for Supramolecular Polymer Formation 5.6.1 Host-Guest Interactions 5.6.2 Hydrogen Bonding 5.6.3 ð-ð Interactions 5.6.4 Metal-Ligand Coordination 5.7 Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Supramolecular Polymers 5.7.1 Theoretical Estimation 5.7.2 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) 5.7.3 Viscometry 5.7.4 Light Scattering 5.7.5 Vapor Pressure Osmometry (VPO) 5.7.6 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 5.7.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 5.7.8 Electron Microscopy (EM) 5.7.9 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 5.8 Applications of Supramolecular Polymers 5.8.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 5.8.2 Pollutant Sensors 5.8.3 Diagnostic Markers 5.8.4 Energy Storage Devices 5.8.5 Personal Care Products 5.8.6 Self-Repairing and Recycling Materials 5.9 Recent Advances in Supramolecular Chemistry 5.10 Future Aspects of Supramolecular Polymer Research 5.11 Conclusion References 6. Microbial Based Biolubricants: In-Depth Analysis List of Abbreviation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biolubricants: Substitutes for Conventional Lubricants 6.2.1 Advantages of Biolubricants 6.2.2 Disadvantages of Biolubricants 6.3 Production of Biolubricants 6.3.1 Microbial Lipids and Oils 6.3.1.1 Production of Ricinoleic Acid 6.3.1.2 Production of Hydroxy Stearic Acid (HSA) 6.3.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPS) 6.3.3 Microbial Polysaccharides 6.3.3.1 Functional Properties and Applications of Microbial Polysaccharide 6.3.3.2 Commercially Relevant Microbial Polysaccharides 6.3.4 Hydrogels Derived from Microbial Polysaccharides 6.3.5 Bio-Nanocomposites Derived from Microbial Polysaccharides 6.4 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Microalgae 6.4.1 Microalgae 6.4.2 Cyanobacteria 6.4.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Polysaccharides 6.4.3.1 Molecular Weight 6.4.3.2 Carbohydrate Composition 6.4.3.3 Thermal Stability 6.4.3.4 Crystallinity 6.4.3.5 Rheological Property 6.4.4 Advantages of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria 6.4.5 Challenges in the Production and Application of Biolubricants from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria 6.4.6 Direct Use of Cell Cultures as a Potential Lubricating Fluid 6.5 Biolubricants Synthesis Using Esterification and Transesterification Process 6.5.1 Factors that Affect the Esterification and Transesterification Process 6.5.1.1 Reaction Temperature and Time 6.5.1.2 Catalyst Type and Catalyst Loading 6.5.2 Epoxidation of Oils 6.5.3 Fatty Acid Condensation: Estolide Synthesis 6.6 Biolubricants Physical and Chemical Properties 6.6.1 Viscosity 6.6.2 Foam Resistance 6.6.3 Lubricity (Friction and Wear) 6.6.4 Pour Point 6.7 Expansion and Practical Viability on an Industrial Scale 6.8 Future Aspects References 7. Multifunctional Materials for Nanotechnology 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Overview of Multifunctional Materials and Nanotechnology 7.1.2 Importance of These Materials in Modern Science and Technology 7.2 Multifunctional Nanomaterials 7.2.1 Definition and Types of Multifunctional Nanomaterials 7.2.2 Properties and Applications of Multifunctional Materials 7.2.3 Examples of Multifunctional Nanomaterials in Different Industries 7.3 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 7.3.1 Techniques for Synthesizing and Characterizing Multifunctional Materials and Nanomaterials 7.3.2 Advancements in Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 7.4 Challenges and Opportunities 7.4.1 Challenges in Developing and Commercializing Multifunctional Materials and Nanomaterials 7.4.2 Opportunities for Future Research and Development in These Fields 7.5 Conclusion 7.5.1 Future Outlook for Multifunctional Materials and Nanotechnology References 8. Multifunctional Materials Surface Science 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Background and Importance of Multifunctional Materials 8.2 Surface Science Principles and Techniques 8.3 Multifunctional Surfaces 8.3.1 Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces 8.3.2 Self-Healing and Anti-Corrosion Surfaces 8.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces 8.3.4 Biocompatible and Bioactive Surfaces 8.3.5 Conductive and Electroactive Surfaces 8.3.6 Optical and Photonic Surfaces 8.4 Synthesis and Fabrication of Multifunctional Surfaces 8.4.1 Physical and Chemical Methods 8.4.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches 8.4.3 Nanostructuring and Nanofabrication Techniques 8.4.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization Methods 8.5 Applications of Multifunctional Surfaces 8.5.1 Biomedical and Healthcare Applications 8.5.2 Energy and Environment Applications 8.5.3 Electronics and Sensor Applications 8.5.4 Food and Packaging Applications 8.5.5 Aerospace and Automotive Applications 8.6 Challenges and Future Prospects 8.6.1 Materials Design and Selection 8.6.2 Surface Stability and Durability 8.6.3 Scale-Up and Commercialization 8.6.4 Multifunctional Integration and Optimization 8.7 Conclusion and Outlook 8.7.1 Implications for Future Research 8.7.2 Final Thoughts and Recommendations References 9. Polymer Emulsions, Surface, and Interface 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Emulsion, Types of Emulsions, and Properties 9.2.1 Classification of Oil Emulsions 9.2.1.1 Water-in-Oil Emulsions (W/O) 9.2.1.2 Oil-in-Water Emulsions (O/W) 9.2.1.3 Multiple Emulsions 9.2.2 Properties of Emulsion 9.2.3 Types of Emulsion Polymerization 9.2.3.1 Miniemulsion Polymerization (Nanoemulsion) 9.2.3.2 Microemulsion Polymerization 9.2.3.3 Inverse Emulsion Polymerization 9.3 Role of Emulsion in Surface Chemistry 9.4 Polymeric Emulsion, Types, and Their Functions 9.4.1 Acrylic Emulsion 9.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion 9.4.3 Vinyl Acetate Emulsions 9.4.4 Polyurethane Emulsion 9.4.5 Epoxy Emulsions 9.4.6 Functions of Polymeric Emulsions 9.5 Preparation Method and Characterization of Polymer Emulsions 9.5.1 Methods of Preparation 9.5.2 Classification of Polymeric Emulsions 9.5.3 Characterization of Polymer Emulsions 9.6 Surface and Interface Characterization of Polymer Emulsion 9.7 Applications of Polymeric Emulsions 9.8 Conclusion References 10. A Comprehensive Review on Advancement in Nano Polymer System for Drug Targeting 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 10.3 Designing Nano-Based Drug Delivery 10.4 Targeting Strategies 10.4.1 Passive Targeting 10.4.2 Active Targeting 10.5 Types of Nano Drug Delivery Systems 10.5.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles 10.5.1.1 Chitosan 10.5.1.2 Cellulose 10.5.2 Dendrimers 10.5.3 Nanosuspensions 10.5.4 Nanocrystals 10.5.5 Polymeric NPs 10.5.6 Polymer-Drug Conjugates (Prodrugs) 10.6 Characterization of Nano-Drug Delivery System 10.7 Challenges of Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery 10.7.1 Biological Understanding 10.7.2 Safety Concern 10.7.3 Manufacturing Issue 10.7.4 Economic and Financial Barriers 10.8 Evaluation of Nanotechnology for Industrial Applications 10.9 Application of Nanoparticle Technology 10.9.1 Cancer Therapy 10.9.2 Diagnostic Testing 10.9.3 HIV and AIDS Treatment 10.9.4 Nutraceutical Delivery 10.9.5 Vaccines 10.9.6 Gene Delivery 10.9.7 Brain Targeting 10.9.8 Anthrax Vaccine Uses Nanoparticles to Produce Immunity 10.10 Future of Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery System Conclusion References 11. Multifunctional Materials in Engineering and Processing Engineering of Multifunctional Materials 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis and Fabrication of Multifunctional Materials 11.3 Characterization Techniques for Multifunctional Materials 11.4 Structure-Property Relationships in Multifunctional Materials 11.4.1 Structure and Composition 11.4.2 Crystal Structure 11.4.3 Interfaces and Boundaries 11.4.4 Processing Methods 11.4.5 Phase Transitions 11.4.6 Doping and Alloying 11.4.7 Nanostructuring 11.4.8 Functionalization 11.5 Processing of Multifunctional Materials 11.5.1 Processing Techniques for Multifunctional Materials 11.5.1.1 Material Manufacture 11.5.1.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 11.5.1.3 Hybrid Material Integration 11.5.1.4 Post-Processing Methodologies/Techniques 11.5.2 Microstructural Evolution During Processing of Multifunctional Materials 11.5.2.1 Mechanical Milling 11.5.2.2 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) 11.5.2.3 Extrusion and Sintering 11.5.2.4 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) 11.5.3 Effect of Processing Parameters on Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.5.3.1 Temperature and Pressure 11.5.3.2 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry 11.5.4 Mechanical and Structural Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.5.5 Structural Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.6 Multifunctional Composites and Nanocomposites 11.6.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials 11.6.2 Sensors 11.6.3 Self-Healing Materials 11.7 Electrical and Thermal Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.7.1 Electrical Conductivity of Multifunctional Materials 11.7.2 Thermal Conductivity of Multifunctional Materials 11.8 Optical and Magnetic Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.8.1 Optical Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.8.1.1 Transparency and Opacity 11.8.1.2 Optical Absorption and Transmission 11.8.1.3 Photoluminescence and Fluorescence 11.8.1.4 Bandgap Engineering 11.8.1.5 Plasmonic and Metamaterial Effects 11.8.1.6 Chiral and Optical Activity 11.8.1.7 Biocompatibility and Bioimaging 11.8.2 Magnetic Properties of Multifunctional Materials 11.8.2.1 Types of Magnetic Property 11.8.2.2 Factors Influencing Magnetic Properties 11.9 Applications of Multifunctional Materials 11.9.1 Energy Applications of Multifunctional Materials 11.9.2 Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Materials 11.9.3 Electronics Applications of Multifunctional Materials 11.10 Future Directions in Multifunctional Materials 11.10.1 Tailored Properties for Specific Applications 11.10.2 Smart and Adaptive Materials 11.10.3 Advanced Fabrication Techniques 11.10.4 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Materials 11.10.5 Integration of Multiple Functionalities 11.11 Emerging Trends and Developments in Multifunctional Materials 11.11.1 Nanotechnology Integration 11.11.2 Smart Materials 11.11.3 Biocompatible and Bioinspired Materials 11.11.4 Energy Harvesting and Storage 11.11.5 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) 11.11.6 Environmental Sustainability 11.11.7 Cross-Disciplinary Collaborations 11.12 Conclusion References 12. Multifunction Materials Optoelectronic 12.1 Multifunction Materials Optoelectronic 12.1.1 Overview of Optoelectronic Materials 12.1.2 Introduction to Multifunctional Materials 12.1.3 Application of Multifunctional Materials in Optoelectronics 12.2 Multifunctional Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 12.2.1 Basic Concept of LEDs 12.2.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Efficiency and Color-Tuning of LEDs 12.2.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance LEDs 12.3 Multifunctional Materials for Solar Cells 12.3.1 Basic Concepts of Solar Cells 12.3.2 Multifunctional Materials for Enhanced Absorption and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells 12.3.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Solar Cells 12.4 Multifunctional Materials for Photodetectors 12.4.1 Basic Concepts of Photodetectors 12.4.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Sensitivity and Response Time of Photodetectors 12.5 Multifunctional Materials for Optical Sensors 12.5.1 Basic Concept of Optical Sensors 12.5.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity of Optical Sensors 12.5.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Optical Sensors 12.6 Multifunctional Materials for Display Technologies 12.6.1 Basic Concept of Display Technologies 12.6.1.1 Display System: Computer Monitor 12.6.1.2 Display System: Cell Phone 12.6.1.3 Computer-Assisted Visualization 12.6.1.4 Performance Requirements and Specifications for Display Screens 12.6.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Color Purity and Brightness of Displays 12.6.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Displays 12.7 Multifunctional Materials for Optical Communications 12.7.1 Basic Concept of Optical Communication 12.7.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Transmission and Modulation of Optical Signals 12.7.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Optical Communication 12.8 Multifunctional Materials for Future Optoelectronics 12.8.1 Multifunctional Materials for Emerging Optoelectronic Applications 12.8.2 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Multifunctional Materials for Optoelectronic Applications 12.9 Conclusion and Future Directions 12.9.1 Summary of the Key Concepts and Findings 12.9.2 Future Directions and Challenges in the Field of Multifunctional Materials for Optoelectronics References 13. Analytical Tools for Multifunctional Materials 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Spectroscopy Technique 13.2.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 13.2.2 FTIR Spectroscopy 13.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy 13.2.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 13.2.5 NMR Spectroscopy 13.3 Microscopy Technique 13.3.1 SEM 13.3.2 TEM 13.3.3 AFM 13.3.4 Confocal Microscopy 13.3.5 Fluorescence Microscopy 13.4 Thermal Analysis Technique 13.4.1 DSC 13.4.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 13.4.3 Thermal Conductivity Measurements 13.4.4 DMA 13.4.5 Thermo-Optical Analysis 13.5 Mechanical Testing Technique 13.5.1 Tensile Tests 13.5.2 Compression Testing 13.5.3 Flexure 13.5.4 Hardness 13.5.5 Tribological 13.6 Electrical and Magnetic Techniques 13.6.1 Conductivity Measurements 13.6.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy 13.6.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements 13.6.4 Magnetostriction Measurements 13.6.5 Hall Effect Measurements 13.7 Conclusion References 14. Novel Study on Different Polysaccharides and Its Application in Solar Cell 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Generation of Photovoltaic Cell 14.2.1 First-Generation Solar Cell 14.2.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells 14.2.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells 14.3 Advantages of Solar Cells 14.4 Disadvantage of All-Generation Solar Cells 14.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 14.6 Component of DSSC 14.6.1 Transparent Conducting Electrode 14.6.2 Photoanode (Semiconductor) 14.6.3 Dye (Sensitizer) 14.6.4 Electrolyte 14.6.5 Counter Electrode 14.7 Operating Principle of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 14.8 Excitation Process 14.9 Roll of Polysaccharides in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 14.9.1 Chitosan 14.9.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Based TiO2 Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 14.9.3 Cellulose 14.9.4 Starch 14.9.5 Xanthan 14.9.6 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 14.9.7 Carrageenan 14.9.8 Alginate 14.9.9 Gellan Gum 14.10 Results and Discussion 14.11 Future Prospects 14.12 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 15. Multifunctional Biopolymers: Types, Preparation, and Industrial Applications 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Sources of Biopolymers 15.2.1 Cellulose 15.2.2 Starch 15.2.3 Gelatin 15.2.4 Chitosan 15.2.5 Polycaprolactone 15.2.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 15.2.7 Protein 15.3 Methods of Biopolymer Processing 15.3.1 Extrusion 15.3.2 Pultrusion 15.3.3 Solvent Casting Method 15.3.4 Coating Method 15.3.5 Electrospinning Method 15.3.6 Three-Dimensional Printing Method 15.3.7 Injection Molding 15.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Biopolymers 15.5 Applications of Biopolymers 15.5.1 Active Packaging 15.5.2 Fruits and Vegetable Industry 15.5.3 Meat Industry 15.5.4 Dairy Industry 15.5.5 Bakery and Confectionery Industry 15.5.6 Medical Industry 15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospectives References 16. Nano-Pesticides, Nano-Herbicides and Nano-Fertilizers: Future Perspective 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Nanotechnology and Its Importance in Agriculture 16.3 Functions of Nanomaterials in Agriculture 16.3.1 Crop Protections 16.3.2 Crop Growth 16.3.3 Soil Enhancement 16.3.4 Stress Tolerance 16.3.5 Precision Farming 16.4 Focused Nano-Agromaterials 16.4.1 Nano-Fertilizers 16.4.1.1 Macronutrients Nano-Fertilizers 16.4.1.2 Micronutrients Nano-Fertilizers 16.4.1.3 Nano-Biofertilizers 16.4.2 Nano-Pesticides 16.4.3 Nano-Herbicides 16.5 Methods for Synthesis 16.5.1 Top-Down Synthesis 16.5.2 Bottom-Up Method 16.6 Properties of Nanomaterials Used in Agriculture 16.7 Researches and Advancements 16.8 Future Perspective References 17. Nano-Surfactants: Types, Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications 17.1 Introduction 17.2 History of Nano-Surfactants 17.3 Types of Nano-Surfactants 17.3.1 Nano-Surfactants Type 1 (Nanoparticles in Surfactant Moiety) 17.3.2 Nano-Surfactants Type 2 (Formulations with Nanoparticles in Surfactant Solutions) 17.4 Synthesis of Nano-Surfactants 17.5 Characterization 17.6 Properties of Nano-Surfactants 17.6.1 Molecular Self-Assembly 17.6.2 Surface Hydrophobicity and Interfacial Tension 17.6.3 Micellization and Dispersion Stability of Nano-Surfactants 17.6.4 Colloidal Stability 17.6.5 Size, Shape, and Type of Nanoparticle 17.7 Stratification of Nano-Surfactants 17.8 Applications of Nano-Surfactants 17.8.1 Drug Release 17.8.2 3D Printing 17.8.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery 17.8.4 In Agriculture 17.8.5 Others 17.9 Conclusions References 18. Magnetization Dynamics of Ferromagnetic Nanostructures for Spintronics and Bio-Medical Applications 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Magnetization Dynamics in Ferromagnetic Nanostructures 18.2.1 Magnetic Damping 18.2.2 Uniform Ferromagnetic Resonance Mode 18.3 Experimental Techniques to Probe Magnetization Dynamics 18.3.1 Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) 18.3.2 Conventional Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) 18.3.2.1 Vector Network Analyzer Ferromagnetic Resonance (VNA-FMR) 18.4 Dynamic Measurements of Magnetic Nanostructures 18.4.1 Fe/Al/Fe Trilayer Ultrathin Films 18.4.2 Permalloy Nanostrips 18.4.3 One-Dimensional Magnetic Nanowires 18.5 Biomedical Applications 18.6 Future Applications 18.7 Conclusions References Index