Human Communication

Description

Title Contents PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES 1 Introduction to Human Communication Communication Is Essential Communication: The Process of Using Messages to Generate Meaning Components of Communication People The Message The Channel Feedback Code Encoding and Decoding Noise Communication Principles Communication Begins with the Self Communication Involves Others Communication Has Both a Content and a Relational Dimension Communication Is Complicated Communication Quantity Does Not Increase Communication Quality Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable Communication Cannot Be Reversed Communication Cannot Be Repeated What Are Communication Contexts? Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal Communications Public Communication Mass Communication Computer-Mediated Communication Communication Myths, Metaphors, and Misunderstandings What Are the Goals of Communication Study? Effective Communication Ethical Communication: The NCA Credo Contemporary Jobs in Communication Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 3 Language and Meaning What Is Language? Language Has Rules Language and Culture Are Intertwined Language Organizes and Classifi es Reality Language Is Arbitrary Language Is Abstract How Can Language Be an Enhancement or an Obstacle to Communication? Grammatical Errors Colloquialisms Clichés Euphemisms and Doublespeak Slang Profanity Jargon Informal and IM Language Regionalisms Sexist, Racist, Heterosexist, and Ageist Language How Can Language Skills Be Improved? Avoid Intentional Confusion Use Descriptiveness Be Concrete Differentiate Between Observations and Inferences Demonstrate Cultural Competence How Can ESL Speakers Improve Their Language Skills? Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 2 Perception, Self, and Communication What Is Perception? Why Do Differences in Perception Occur? Physiological Factors Past Experiences and Roles Culture and Co-Culture Present Feelings and Circumstances What Occurs in Perception? Selection Organization Interpretation What Errors Do We Make in Our Perceptions? Stereotyping and Prejudice First Impressions Who Are You? Learning More About Yourself How Do You Present Yourself? Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 4 Nonverbal Communication What Is Nonverbal Communication? How are Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Related? Why are Nonverbal Codes Diffi cult to Interpret? One Code Communicates a Variety of Meanings A Variety of Codes Communicate the Same Meaning What Are Nonverbal Codes? Bodily Movement and Facial Expression Physical Attraction Space Time Touching Vocal Cues Clothing and Other Artifacts What Are Some Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication? How Can ESL Speakers Adapt Their Nonverbal Behaviors? Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 5 Listening and Critical Thinking What Is Listening? Attention Working Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory The Importance of Listening in Our Lives Four Types of Listening Barriers to Listening Gender Differences in Listening How Can You Become a Better Listener? Listen and Think Critically Use Verbal Communication Effectively Use Nonverbal Communication Effectively Check Your Understanding Effective Listening in Different Situations Listening in the Workplace Listening in the Classroom Listening to Media Listening in a Second Language How Can You Be an Ethical Listener? Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References PART TWO COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS 6 Interpersonal Communication The Nature of Communication in Interpersonal Relationships What Is Interpersonal Communication? What Are Interpersonal Relationships? The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships Confl ict in Interpersonal Relationships The Dark Side of Interpersonal Relationships Self-Disclosure in the Development of Interpersonal Relationships The Importance of Friendships in Interpersonal Relationships New Types of Friendships Cross-Cultural Relationships The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships Motivations for Initiating, Maintaining, and Terminating Relationships Motivations for Initiating Relationships Motivations for Maintaining Relationships Motivations for Terminating Relationships Essential Interpersonal Communication Behaviors Using Affectionate and Supportive Communication Infl uencing Others Developing a Unique Relationship The Possibilities for Improvement Bargaining Learning Communication Skills Maintaining Behavioral Flexibility Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 7 Intercultural Communication Why Is the Study of Intercultural Communication Important? What Are Cultures and Co-Cultures? The Goals of Co-Cultural Communication What Are Some Intercultural Communication Problems? Ethnocentrism Stereotyping Prejudice What Are Some Characteristics of Different Cultures? Individualistic Versus Collectivist Cultures Uncertainty-Accepting Versus Uncertainty- Rejecting Cultures Implicit-Rule Versus Explicit-Rule Cultures M-Time Versus P-Time Cultures What Are Some Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication? Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 8 Workplace Communication What Is Workplace Communication? Types of Organizations Communication Networks How Should You Prepare Written Credentials? Résumés Cover Letters Employment Interviews Taking Self-Inventory Creating a Network Searching for a Job Investigating the Interviewer General Interviewing Strategies The Postinterview Stage What Communication Skills Will You Need on the Job? Competent Workplace Communication Cross-Cultural Skills Confl ict Management Skills Customer Service Skills What Ethical Dimensions Are Found in the Workplace? Aggressive Communication Honesty Sexual Harassment Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References Additional Resources 9 The Dynamics of Small-Group Communication Why Should You Learn About Small Groups? What Is Small-Group Communication? The Types and Functions of Small Groups The Role of Leadership in Small Groups What Is Leadership? Theoretical Approaches to Group Leadership Establishing Culture in Small Groups The Development of Group Norms The Development of Roles for Group Members Behaviors That Defi ne Roles Group Cohesiveness The Effect of Diversity on Group Culture Problem Solving and Decision Making Effective Group Problem Solving Beyond Problem Solving: Group Work in a New Era Technology and Group Communication Processes How Should You Communicate in Small Groups? Being an Ethical Group Member Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 10 Topic Selection and Audience Analysis How Do You Select a Topic? Individual Brainstorming Personal Inventories Your Topic’s Importance Your Knowledge of the Topic Your Commitment to the Topic Topic Selection for ESL Speakers How Do You Narrow Your Topic? How Do You Analyze Your Audience? Four Levels of Audience Analysis Three Methods of Audience Analysis How Do You Adapt to the Audience? Adapting Yourself Adapting Your Verbal and Nonverbal Codes Adapting Your Topic Adapting Your Purpose Microtargeting: A New Kind of Audience Analysis Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References Additional Resources PART THREE FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING: PREPARATION AND DELIVERY 11 Being Credible and Using Evidence Why Is Source Credibility Important? What Is Source Credibility? Four Aspects of Credibility Practical Advice on Increasing Credibility How Should You Find and Use Information? What Information Sources Can You Use? How Should You Cite Sources of Information Correctly? Tips for Effective Research What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate? Examples Narratives Surveys Testimonial Evidence Numbers and Statistics Analogies Explanations Defi nitions Ethical Considerations Ethics and Source Credibility The Ethical Use of Supporting Material Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 12 Organizing Your Presentation The Introduction Gaining and Maintaining Audience Attention Arousing Audience Interest Stating the Purpose or Thesis Establishing Your Qualifi cations Forecasting Development and Organization The Body The Principles of Outlining The Rough Draft The Sentence Outline The Key-Word Outline Organizational Patterns Transitions and Signposts The Conclusion The References Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 13 Delivery and Visual Resources What Is Delivery? What Are Four Modes of Delivery? The Extemporaneous Mode The Impromptu Mode The Manuscript Mode The Memorized Mode What Are the Vocal and Bodily Aspects of Delivery? The Vocal Aspects of Presentation The Bodily Aspects of Presentation Delivery Tips for Non-Native Speakers How Can You Reduce Your Fear of Presenting? Suggested Techniques for Reducing Your Fear What Are Visual Resources? The Uses of Visual Resources Types of Visual Resources Chalkboards and Dry-Erase Boards Posters Handouts Blackboard and Other Electronic Connections People and Other Living Things You as a Visual Resource Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References Additional Resources 14 Informative Presentations How Do You Prepare an Informative Presentation? What Is Your Goal? What Is Your Purpose? How Do You Effectively Present Information to an Audience? Creating Information Hunger Demonstrating Information Relevance Revealing Extrinsic Motivation Designing Informative Content Avoiding Information Overload Organizing Content Skills for an Informative Presentation Defi ning Describing Explaining Narrating Demonstrating Two Examples of Informative Presentations Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self-Quiz References 15 Persuasive Presentations What Is a Persuasive Presentation? What Is Your Immediate Purpose and Ultimate Goal? Introducing Your Persuasive Presentation Shaping the Persuasive Purpose to the Listeners Analyzing the Listeners What Purposes Are Persuasive? Why Should You Try to Persuade? How Do You Persuade? Using Argument to Persuade: Fact, Policy, and Value What Is the Difference Between Evidence and Proof? How Can You Test Evidence? Three Forms of Proof The First Form of Proof: Logos, or Logical Proof The Second Form of Proof: Ethos, or Source Credibility The Third Form of Proof: Pathos, or Emotional Proof Organizing Your Persuasive Message The Monroe Motivated Sequence Ethical Considerations An Example of a Persuasive Presentation How to Resist Persuasion Chapter Review & Study Guide Summary Key Terms Study Questions Critical Thinking Self–Quiz References Glossary Credits Index