Seneca Possessed: Indians, Witchcraft, and Power in the Early American Republic

Description

Seneca Possessed examines the ordeal of a Native people in the wake of the American Revolution. As part of the once-formidable Iroquois Six Nations in western New York, Senecas occupied a significant if ambivalent place within the newly established United States. They found themselves the object of missionaries' conversion efforts while also confronting land speculators, poachers, squatters, timber-cutters, and officials from state and federal governments. In response, Seneca communities sought to preserve their territories and culture amid a maelstrom of economic, social, religious, and political change. They succeeded through a remarkable course of cultural innovation and conservation, skillful calculation and luck, and the guidance of both a Native prophet and unusual Quakers. Through the prophecies of Handsome Lake and the message of Quaker missionaries, this process advanced fitfully, incorporating elements of Christianity and white society and economy, along with older Seneca ideas and practices. But cultural reinvention did not come easily. Episodes of Seneca witch-hunting reflected the wider crises the Senecas were experiencing. Ironically, as with so much of their experience in this period, such episodes also allowed for the preservation of Seneca sovereignty, as in the case of Tommy Jemmy, a Seneca chief tried by New York in 1821 for executing a Seneca witch. Here Senecas improbably but successfully defended their right to self-government. Through the stories of Tommy Jemmy, Handsome Lake, and others, Seneca Possessed explores how the Seneca people and their homeland were possessed--culturally, spiritually, materially, and legally--in the era of early American independence. Contents Introduction PART I. Dominion Chapter 1 Colonial Crucible and Post-Revolutionary Predicament PART II. Spirit Chapter 2 Handsome Lake and the Seneca Great Awakening: Revelation and Transformation Chapter 3 Patriarchy and the Witch-Hunting of Handsome Lake PART III. Mastery Chapter 4 Friendly Mission: The Holy Conversation of Quakers and Senecas Chapter 5 From Longhouse to Farmhouse: Quakers and the Transformation of Seneca Rural Life Chapter 6 Seneca Repossessed, 1818–1826 Conclusion Notes Index Acknowledgments