Radiology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases - Volume 1: Brain and Spinal Cord

Description

This book provides a comprehensive overview of diagnostic imaging in infectious and inflammatory diseases in central nervous system and spine. It starts with basic theory of infectious diseases, including pathological basis, laboratory diagnostic methods, and clinical imaging techniques. In following chapters, the authors firstly introduce the central nervous system infections related to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and contagious diseases. Then viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic and special infections in central nervous system and spine are presented with clinical cases. Each disease is clearly illustrated using cases combined with high-quality CT and MRI. The book provides a valuable reference source for radiologists and doctors working in the area of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Preface Preface Contents About the Editors Part I: General Introduction to Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System 1: Introduction to Imaging Methods 1.1 X-Ray Imaging Techniques 1.1.1 X-Ray Imaging Principle 1.1.2 X-Ray Imaging Method 1.1.3 X-Ray Imaging Methods Commonly Used in the Brain and Spinal Cord 1.2 CT Imaging Techniques 1.2.1 CT Imaging Principle 1.2.2 CT Imaging Post-processing Techniques 1.2.3 CT Imaging Methods Commonly Used in the Brain and Spinal Cord 1.3 MRI Imaging Techniques 1.3.1 Basic Principles and Image Characteristics of MR 1.3.2 Commonly Used MR Examinations for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord 1.4 DSA Imaging Technique 1.4.1 Principle of DSA Imaging 1.4.2 DSA Imaging Methods Commonly Used for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord 1.5 Radionuclide Imaging Techniques 1.5.1 Principles of Positron Emission Computed Tomography 1.5.2 Positron Emission Computed Tomography Methods Commonly Used in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord References 2: Functional and Molecular Imaging Techniques 2.1 Functional Imaging 2.1.1 CT Functional Imaging 2.1.2 MR Functional Imaging 2.1.3 PET Cerebral Perfusion Imaging 2.2 Molecular Imaging 2.2.1 Overview 2.2.2 Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mMRI) Techniques 2.2.3 Optical Molecular Imaging Techniques 2.2.4 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) 2.2.5 Nuclear Medicine Molecular Imaging Techniques 2.2.6 Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Techniques References 3: Application of Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Infection and Inflammatory Diseases 3.1 Bacterial Infection 3.1.1 Significance of Imaging in Bacterial Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord 3.1.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Bacterial Infections 3.1.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Bacterial Infections 3.1.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques 3.2 Viral Infection 3.2.1 Significance of Imaging in Viral Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord 3.2.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Viral Infections 3.2.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Viral Infections 3.2.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques 3.3 Fungal Infection 3.3.1 Significance of Imaging in Fungal Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord 3.3.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Fungal Infections 3.3.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Fungal Infections 3.3.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques 3.4 Parasitic Infections 3.4.1 Significance of Imaging in Parasitic Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord 3.4.2 Conventional Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Parasitic Infections 3.4.3 Application of New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Parasitic Infections 3.4.4 Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Imaging Techniques References 4: Application of Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Autoimmune Diseases 4.1 Overview 4.2 Conventional Imaging Manifestations of Autoimmune Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord 4.3 New Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Autoimmune Diseases 4.4 Application of Other Imaging Techniques in Craniospinal Autoimmune Diseases References 5: Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques and Methods for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System 5.1 Diagnosis of Pathogens 5.1.1 Overview 5.1.2 CSF Smear 5.1.3 CSF Cell Count and Biochemical Tests 5.1.4 Culture of CSF Pathogens 5.1.5 Brain Tissue Biopsy 5.2 Immunological Diagnosis 5.2.1 Overview 5.2.2 Rapid Antigen Detection 5.2.3 Antibody Testing 5.2.4 γ-Interferon Release Test 5.3 Genetic Diagnosis 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques 5.3.2.1 Conventional PCR and Real-Time Fluorescence PCR Assay Techniques 5.3.2.2 Isothermal Amplification of Nucleic Acid 5.3.2.3 GeneXpert Rapid Detection System 5.3.3 Nucleic Acid Molecular Hybridization Techniques 5.3.4 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technologies References Part II: Special Contagious Diseases Related to the Central Nervous System 6: Respiratory Infectious Disease-Related Intracranial Infections 6.1 Measles 6.1.1 Acute Measles Encephalitis 6.1.1.1 Overview 6.1.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.1.1.3 Imaging 6.1.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.1.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.1.2 Immunosuppressive Measles Encephalitis 6.1.2.1 Overview 6.1.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.1.2.3 Imaging 6.1.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.1.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.1.3 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis 6.1.3.1 Overview 6.1.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.1.3.3 Imaging 6.1.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.1.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.1.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 6.2 Intracranial Tuberculosis 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.2.3 Imaging 6.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 6.3 Meningococcal Meningitis 6.3.1 Overview 6.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.3.3 Imaging 6.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 6.4 Pertussis Encephalopathy 6.4.1 Overview 6.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.4.3 Imaging 6.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 6.5 Rubella Virus Encephalitis 6.5.1 Overview 6.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.5.3 Imaging 6.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.5.6 Status and Progress of Research 6.6 Influenza A H1N1-Related Brain Changes 6.6.1 Overview 6.6.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.6.3 Imaging 6.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.6.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.6.6 Status and Progress of Research 6.7 COVID-19-Related Encephalopathy 6.7.1 Overview 6.7.2 Pathological Manifestations 6.7.3 Imaging 6.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points 6.7.5 Differential Diagnosis 6.7.6 Status and Progress of Research References 7: Gastrointestinal Infectious Disease-Related Central Nervous System Infections (Poliomyelitis) 7.1 Overview 7.2 Pathological Manifestations 7.3 Imaging 7.4 Diagnostic Key Points 7.5 Differential Diagnosis 7.6 Status and Progress of Research References 8: Entomophila Infection-Related Intracranial Infections 8.1 Epidemic B Encephalitis 8.1.1 Overview 8.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 8.1.3 Imaging 8.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 8.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 8.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 8.2 Echinococcosis 8.2.1 Cerebral Cyst Echinococcosis 8.2.1.1 Overview 8.2.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 8.2.1.3 Imaging 8.2.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 8.2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 8.2.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 8.2.2 Cerebral Alveolar Echinococcosis 8.2.2.1 Overview 8.2.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 8.2.2.3 Imaging 8.2.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 8.2.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 8.2.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 8.3 Cerebral Schistosomiasis 8.3.1 Overview 8.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 8.3.3 Imaging 8.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 8.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 8.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 8.4 Cerebral Malaria 8.4.1 Overview 8.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 8.4.3 Imaging 8.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 8.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 8.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 8.5 Cerebral Amebiasis 8.5.1 Overview 8.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 8.5.3 Imaging 8.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 8.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 8.5.6 Status and Progress of Research References 9: Contagious Disease-Related Intracranial Infections 9.1 Rabies Encephalitis 9.1.1 Overview 9.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 9.1.3 Imaging 9.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 9.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 9.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 9.2 Neurobrucellosis 9.2.1 Overview 9.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 9.2.3 Imaging 9.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 9.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 9.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 9.3 Neurosyphilis 9.3.1 Overview 9.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 9.3.3 Imaging 9.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 9.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 9.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 9.4 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Complicating Brainstem Encephalitis 9.4.1 Overview 9.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 9.4.3 Imaging 9.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 9.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 9.4.6 Status and Progress of Research References 10: AIDS-Related Intracranial Infections (Blood-Borne Infection-Associated Intracranial Infections) 10.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Encephalitis 10.1.1 Overview 10.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.1.3 Imaging 10.1.3.1 CT Findings 10.1.3.2 MRI Findings 10.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.1.5.1 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis (CE) 10.1.5.2 AIDS Combined with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) 10.1.5.3 Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy (SSE) 10.1.5.4 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) 10.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 10.1.6.1 Hydrogen Proton Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS) 10.1.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) 10.1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) 10.1.6.4 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Weighted Imaging (PWI) 10.2 Toxoplasmic Encephalitis 10.2.1 Overview 10.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.2.3 Imaging 10.2.3.1 CT Findings 10.2.3.2 MRI Findings 10.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.2.5.1 Primary Cerebral Lymphoma 10.2.5.2 Brain Metastases 10.2.5.3 Cerebral Tuberculoma 10.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 10.2.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) 10.2.6.2 Hydrogen Proton Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS) 10.2.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Weighted Imaging (PWI) 10.3 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis 10.3.1 Overview 10.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.3.3 Imaging 10.3.3.1 CT Findings 10.3.3.2 MRI Findings 10.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.3.5.1 Herpes Zoster Virus Encephalitis 10.3.5.2 HIV-Associated Encephalitis 10.3.5.3 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 10.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 10.3.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) 10.3.6.2 Hydrogen Proton Spectrum Imaging (1H-MRS) 10.4 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 10.4.1 Overview 10.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.4.3 Imaging 10.4.3.1 CT Findings 10.4.3.2 MRI Findings 10.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.4.5.1 HIV-Associated Encephalitis 10.4.5.2 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 10.4.5.3 Cerebrovascular Disease 10.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 10.4.6.1 Hydrogen Proton Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS) 10.4.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) 10.5 Penicilliosis Marneffei Infection 10.5.1 Overview 10.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.5.3 Imaging 10.5.3.1 CT Findings 10.5.3.2 MRI Findings 10.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.5.5.1 Toxoplasma Encephalopathy 10.5.5.2 Tuberculoma 10.5.5.3 Cryptococcosis 10.5.6 Status and Progress of Research 10.6 Rhodococcus equi Infection 10.6.1 Overview 10.6.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.6.3 Imaging 10.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.6.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.6.6 Status and Progress of Research 10.7 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome 10.7.1 Overview 10.7.2 Pathological Manifestations 10.7.3 Imaging 10.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points 10.7.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.7.6 Status and Progress of Research References Part III: Special Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System 11: Intracranial Purulent/Bacterial Infection 11.1 Purulent Meningitis 11.1.1 Overview 11.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 11.1.3 Imaging 11.1.3.1 CT 11.1.3.2 MRI 11.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 11.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 11.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 11.2 Purulent Encephalitis and Brain Abscess 11.2.1 Overview 11.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 11.2.3 Imaging 11.2.3.1 CT Findings 11.2.3.2 MRI Findings 11.2.3.3 18F-FDG PET Findings 11.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 11.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 11.2.5.1 Cerebral Cysticercosis 11.2.5.2 High-Grade Astrocytomas 11.2.5.3 Brain Metastases 11.2.5.4 Intracerebral Hematoma 11.2.5.5 Cerebral Infarction 11.2.5.6 Postoperative Residual Cavity 11.2.5.7 Radiation Encephalopathy 11.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 11.2.6.1 MR Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) 11.2.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Perfusion-Weighted Imaging (PWI) and Magnetic Resonance Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI) 11.2.6.3 Hydrogen Proton Spectrum Imaging (1H-MRS) 11.2.6.4 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) 11.2.6.5 PWI Methods 11.3 Epidural and Subdural Abscesses 11.3.1 Overview 11.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 11.3.3 Imaging 11.3.3.1 Epidural Abscess 11.3.3.2 Subdural Abscess 11.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 11.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 11.3.5.1 Subdural Abscess 11.3.5.2 Epidural Abscess 11.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 11.4 Ventriculitis 11.4.1 Overview 11.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 11.4.3 Imaging 11.4.3.1 CT Findings 11.4.3.2 MRI Findings 11.4.4 Differential Diagnosis 11.4.5 Diagnostic Key Points 11.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 11.5 Choroid Plexitis 11.5.1 Overview 11.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 11.5.3 Imaging 11.5.3.1 CT Findings 11.5.3.2 MR Manifestation 11.5.4 Differential Diagnosis 11.5.5 Diagnostic Key Points 11.5.6 Status and Progress of Research 11.6 Listeriosis 11.6.1 Overview 11.6.2 Pathological Manifestations 11.6.3 Imaging 11.6.4 Differential Diagnosis 11.6.5 Diagnostic Key Points 11.6.6 Status and Progress of Research References 12: Intracranial Viral Infection 12.1 Herpesvirus spp. Infections 12.1.1 Herpes Simplex Viral Infection 12.1.1.1 Overview 12.1.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.1.1.3 Imaging 12.1.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.1.1.5 Differential Diagnosis Enterovirus Encephalitis EB Viral Infection Varicella: Zoster Viral Infection Glioma 12.1.1.6 Status and Progress of Research The Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis Laboratory Tests Image Neurophysiological Examination 12.1.2 Varicella-Zoster Viral Infection 12.1.2.1 Overview 12.1.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.1.2.3 Imaging 12.1.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.1.2.5 Differential Diagnosis EB Virus Infection Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Enterovirus Encephalitis 12.1.2.6 Status and Progress of Research Imaging Studies Vascular Imaging Technique Serology 12.1.3 EB Virus Infections 12.1.3.1 Overview 12.1.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.1.3.3 Imaging 12.1.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.1.3.5 Differential Diagnosis Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Ischemia and Hypoxia Damage Sinus Thrombosis 12.1.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.1.4 Human Herpes Virus 6 Infections 12.1.4.1 Overview 12.1.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.1.4.3 Imaging 12.1.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.1.4.5 Differential Diagnosis EB Viral Infection Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Enterovirus Encephalitis 12.1.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.1.5 Monkey B Virus Infection 12.1.5.1 Overview 12.1.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.1.5.3 Imaging 12.1.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.1.5.5 Differential Diagnosis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis 12.1.5.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.2 Papova Virus Infections 12.2.1 Overview 12.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.2.3 Imaging 12.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.3 Flavivirus Infection 12.3.1 Overview 12.3.1.1 Common Flavivirus Infections 12.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.3.3 Imaging 12.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.3.7 West Nile Virus Infection 12.3.7.1 Overview 12.3.7.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.3.7.3 Imaging 12.3.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.3.7.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.3.7.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.3.8 Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus Infection 12.3.8.1 Overview 12.3.8.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.3.8.3 Imaging 12.3.8.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.3.8.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.3.8.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.4 Nipah Virus Infection 12.4.1 Overview 12.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.4.3 Imaging 12.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.5 St. Louis Virus Encephalitis 12.5.1 Overview 12.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.5.3 Imaging 12.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.5.6 Status and Progress of Research 12.6 Enteroviral Encephalitis 12.6.1 Overview 12.6.2 Pathological Manifestations 12.6.3 Imaging 12.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points 12.6.5 Differential Diagnosis 12.6.6 Status and Progress of Research References 13: Intracranial Fungal Infections 13.1 Cryptococcosis 13.1.1 Overview 13.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 13.1.3 Imaging 13.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.2 Aspergillosis 13.2.1 Overview 13.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 13.2.3 Imaging 13.2.3.1 CT Findings 13.2.3.2 MRI Findings 13.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.3 Mucormycosis 13.3.1 Overview 13.3.2 Pathological Features 13.3.3 Imaging Features 13.3.3.1 CT Findings 13.3.3.2 MRI Findings 13.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.3.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.4 Candidiasis 13.4.1 Overview 13.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 13.4.3 Imaging 13.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.4.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.5 Paracoccidioidomycosis 13.5.1 Overview 13.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 13.5.3 Imaging 13.5.3.1 CT Findings 13.5.3.2 MRI Findings 13.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.5.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.6 Actinomycosis 13.6.1 Cerebral Actinomycosis 13.6.1.1 Overview 13.6.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 13.6.1.3 Imaging 13.6.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.6.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.6.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.6.2 Nocardiosis 13.6.2.1 Overview 13.6.2.2 Pathology Diagnosis 13.6.2.3 Imaging 13.6.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.6.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.6.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 13.7 Histoplasmosis 13.7.1 Overview 13.7.2 Pathological Manifestations 13.7.3 Imaging 13.7.3.1 CT Findings 13.7.3.2 MRI Findings 13.7.4 Diagnostic Key Points 13.7.5 Differential Diagnosis 13.7.6 Status and Progress of Research References 14: Intracranial Parasitic Infections 14.1 Cerebral Cysticercosis 14.1.1 Overview 14.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 14.1.3 Imaging 14.1.3.1 CT Findings 14.1.3.2 MRI Findings 14.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 14.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 14.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 14.2 Cerebral Paragonimias 14.2.1 Overview 14.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 14.2.3 Imaging 14.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 14.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 14.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 14.3 Cerebral Sparganosis 14.3.1 Overview 14.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 14.3.3 Imaging 14.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 14.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 14.3.6 Status and Progress of Research References 15: Intracranial Spirochete Infection (Lyme Disease) 15.1 Overview 15.2 Pathological Manifestations 15.3 Imaging 15.3.1 CT Findings 15.3.2 MRI Findings 15.4 Diagnostic Key Points 15.5 Differential Diagnosis 15.6 Status and Progress of Research References 16: Intracranial Rickettsial Infection 16.1 Overview 16.2 Pathological Manifestations 16.3 Imaging 16.3.1 CT Findings 16.3.2 MRI Findings 16.3.3 Digital Subtraction Angiography 16.4 Diagnostic Key Points 16.5 Differential Diagnosis 16.6 Status and Progress of Research References 17: Other Types of Intracranial Infectious (Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease) 17.1 Overview 17.2 Pathological Manifestations 17.3 Imaging 17.3.1 CT Findings 17.3.2 MRI Findings 17.4 Diagnostic Key Points 17.5 Differential Diagnosis 17.6 Status and Progress of Research References 18: Specific Types of Intracranial Inflammatory Diseases 18.1 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 18.1.1 Overview 18.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 18.1.3 Imaging 18.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 18.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 18.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 18.2 Rasmussen Encephalitis 18.2.1 Overview 18.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 18.2.3 Imaging 18.2.3.1 CT Findings 18.2.3.2 MRI Findings 18.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 18.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 18.2.5.1 Mitochondrial Encephalopathy 18.2.5.2 Cortical Dysplasia 18.2.5.3 Sturge–Weber Syndrome 18.2.5.4 Cerebral Vasculitis 18.2.6 Status and Progress of Research 18.2.6.1 Hydrogen Proton Spectrum Imaging (1H-MRS) 18.2.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) 18.2.6.3 Task-State Functional MRI (fMRI) 18.3 Autoimmune Encephalitis 18.3.1 Overview 18.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 18.3.3 Imaging 18.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 18.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 18.3.6 Status and Progress of Research References 19: Cerebral Vasculitis 19.1 Infectious Vasculitis 19.1.1 Overview 19.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 19.1.3 Imaging 19.1.3.1 Angiography 19.1.3.2 CT Finding 19.1.3.3 MRI Findings 19.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 19.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 19.1.5.1 Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis 19.1.5.2 Intracranial Atherosclerosis 19.1.5.3 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome 19.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 19.1.6.1 Angiography 19.1.6.2 Three-Dimensional Volumetric Isotropic Fast Spin-Echo Technique (3D-VISTA) 19.1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance High-Resolution Vascular Wall Imaging (HR-VWI) 19.1.6.4 Magnetic Resonance Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) 19.2 Noninfectious Vasculitis 19.2.1 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System 19.2.1.1 Overview 19.2.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 19.2.1.3 Imaging Angiographic Manifestation CT Findings MRI Findings 19.2.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 19.2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes (RCVS) Moyamoya Disease Intracranial Atherosclerosis 19.2.1.6 Status and Progress of Research Magnetic Resonance High-Resolution Vessel Wall Imaging (HR-VWI) Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Sensitivity Weighted Imaging (SWI) Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging (PWI) 19.2.2 Various Other Vasculitis 19.2.2.1 Large Vessel Vasculitis 19.2.2.2 Medium Vessel Vasculitis 19.2.2.3 Small Vessel Vasculitis 19.2.2.4 Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Disease 19.2.2.5 Vasculitis Due to Drug Abuse 19.2.2.6 Radiation Injury 19.3 Sarcoidosis 19.3.1 Overview 19.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 19.3.3 Imaging 19.3.3.1 Angiographic Findings 19.3.3.2 CT Findings 19.3.3.3 MRI Findings 19.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 19.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 19.3.5.1 Multiple Sclerosis 19.3.5.2 Primary CNS Vasculitis 19.3.5.3 Infectious Lesions 19.3.6 Status and Progress of Research References 20: Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal Infections and Inflammatory Diseases 20.1 Viral Infection of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal 20.1.1 AIDS-Related Spinal Cord Infection 20.1.1.1 AIDS-Related Toxoplasma Spinal Cord Infection Overview Pathological Manifestations Imaging Diagnostic Key Points Differential Diagnosis Research Status and Progress 20.1.1.2 AIDS-Related Spinal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Overview Pathological Manifestations Imaging Findings Diagnostic Key Points Differential Diagnosis Research Status and Progress 20.1.1.3 AIDS-Related Spinal Cytomegalovirus Infection Overview Pathological Manifestations Imaging Diagnostic Key Points Differential Diagnosis Research Status and Progress 20.1.1.4 AIDS-Related Staphylococcus aureus Infection of the Spinal Cord Overview Pathological Manifestations Imaging Diagnostic Key Points Differential Diagnosis Research Status and Progress 20.1.2 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection 20.1.2.1 Overview 20.1.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.1.2.3 Imaging 20.1.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.1.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.1.2.6 Research Status and Progress 20.1.3 Enterovirus Infection 20.1.3.1 Overview 20.1.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.1.3.3 Imaging 20.1.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.1.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.1.3.6 Research Status and Progress 20.1.4 EB Virus Infection 20.1.4.1 Overview 20.1.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.1.4.3 Imaging 20.1.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.1.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.1.4.6 Research Status and Progress 20.1.5 Rabies Virus Infection 20.1.5.1 Overview 20.1.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.1.5.3 Imaging 20.1.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.1.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.1.5.6 Research Status and Progress 20.2 Bacterial Infection of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal 20.2.1 Epidural Abscess and Subdural Abscess 20.2.1.1 Overview 20.2.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.2.1.3 Imaging 20.2.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.2.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.2.1.6 Research Status and Progress 20.2.2 Pyogenic Myelitis and Intramedullary Abscess 20.2.2.1 Overview 20.2.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.2.2.3 Imaging 20.2.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.2.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.2.2.6 Research Status and Progress 20.3 Tuberculosis Infection of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal 20.3.1 Overview 20.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.3.3 Imaging 20.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.3.6 Research Status and Progress 20.4 Other Infections of Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal 20.4.1 Hydatid Disease in the Spinal Canal 20.4.1.1 Overview 20.4.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.4.1.3 Imaging 20.4.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.4.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.1.6 Research Status and Progress 20.4.2 Lyme Disease 20.4.2.1 Overview 20.4.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.4.2.3 Imaging 20.4.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.4.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.2.6 Research Status and Progress 20.4.3 Syphilitic Myelitis 20.4.3.1 Overview 20.4.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.4.3.3 Imaging 20.4.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.4.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.3.6 Research Status and Progress 20.4.4 Human T-Cell Lymphoma Virus Type 1 Related Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paralysis 20.4.4.1 Overview 20.4.4.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.4.4.3 Imaging 20.4.4.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.4.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.4.6 Research Status and Progress 20.4.5 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Myelitis 20.4.5.1 Overview 20.4.5.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.4.5.3 Imaging 20.4.5.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.4.5.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.5.6 Research Status and Progress 20.5 Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal 20.5.1 Chronic Spinal Radiculitis 20.5.1.1 Overview 20.5.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.5.1.3 Imaging 20.5.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.5.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.5.1.6 Research Status and Progress 20.5.2 Sarcoidosis Myelitis 20.5.2.1 Overview 20.5.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.5.2.3 Imaging 20.5.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.5.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.5.2.6 Research Status and Progress 20.5.3 Paraneoplastic Myelopathy 20.5.3.1 Overview 20.5.3.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.5.3.3 Imaging 20.5.3.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.5.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.5.3.6 Research Status and Progress 20.6 Infection of the Meninges (Spinal Meningitis) 20.6.1 Overview 20.6.2 Pathological Manifestations 20.6.3 Imaging 20.6.4 Diagnostic Key Points 20.6.5 Differential Diagnosis 20.6.6 Research Status and Progress References 21: Complications Associated with Post-surgical Infection 21.1 Post-surgical Infection 21.1.1 Overview 21.1.2 Pathological Manifestations 21.1.3 Imaging 21.1.4 Diagnostic Key Points 21.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 21.1.6 Status and Progress of Research 21.2 Chemical Meningitis 21.2.1 Overview 21.2.2 Pathological Manifestations 21.2.3 Imaging 21.2.4 Diagnostic Key Points 21.2.5 Differential Diagnosis 21.2.6 Status and Progress of Research References