Functional Nanomaterials for Sensors

Description

Because of their novel chemical and physical properties, functional nanomaterials have found increasing industrial applications in nanoelectronics, energy science, and biological applications. Functional Nanomaterials for Sensors surveys advances in functional nanomaterials and their use in sensing. It covers their properties, synthesis, design, fabrication, and their applications, including in chemical, biological, and gas sensing, environmental remediation, fuel cells, catalysis, electronic devices, and biotechnology. FEATURES: • Describes how nanomaterial functionalization is being used to create more effective sensors • Discusses various synthesis procedures, characterization techniques, and which nanomaterials should be used for sensing applications • Provides an in-depth look into oxide nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, and two-dimensional (2D) material fabrication • Explores the challenges of using nanoscale sensors for large-scale industrial applications This book is aimed at materials, chemical, biotech, and electronics researchers and industry professionals working on sensor design and development. Cover Half Title Emerging Materials and Technologies Series Functional Nanomaterials for Sensors Copyright Contents Preface Editors Contributors 1. Functional Nanomaterials Processing Methods 1.1. Introduction 1.2 Thin-Film Processing 1.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 1.2.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 1.2.3 Chemical Deposition (CD) 1.2.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 1.2.3.2 Electrochemical Deposition (ED) 1.3 Thick-Film Processing 1.3.1 Screen-Printing 1.3.2 Dip-Coating 1.3.3 Spin-Coating 1.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 2. Functional Nanomaterials for Potential Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Difference between Functional and Structural NMs Based on Their General Characteristics 2.3 Strategies to Functionalize a Nanomaterial (NM) 2.3.1 Chemisorption 2.3.2 Electrostatic Interactions 2.3.3 Covalent Interactions 2.3.4 Non-Covalent Interactions 2.3.5 Intrinsic Surface Engineering Including Heteroatom Incorporation and Defect Engineering 2.4 Applications 2.4.1 Wastewater Treatment: Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants 2.4.2 Air Pollution 2.4.3 Soil Pollution 2.4.4 Biosensing 2.4.5 Catalysis Industry 2.4.5.1 Metal-Based Functional NMS for Hydrogen Gas Evolution 2.4.5.2 Graphene-Based Functional NM for Enhanced Catalytic Properties 2.5 Current Industrial Overview of Functional Nanomaterials 2.6 Future Trends and Challenges of Functional Nanomaterials 2.7 Summary References 3. Functional Nanomaterials for Characterization Techniques 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classifi cation of Sensor-Based Characterization 3.3 Basic Characterization 3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 3.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 3.3.4 Raman, Photoluminescence, and Diffuse-Reflectance Spectroscopy 3.4 Advanced Characterization 3.4.1 Electrochemical Impedance 3.4.2 Voltammetry 3.4.2.1 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) 3.4.2.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) 3.4.2.3 Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) 3.4.2.4 Stripping Voltammetry 3.4.2.5 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) 3.4.3 Potentiometry 3.5 Conclusion References 4. Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites as Sensors 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Polymer Matrix 4.1.2 Fillers 4.2 Synthesis of High-Performance Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites (PNCs) 4.2.1 Chemical Synthesis of PNCs 4.2.1.1 Chemical In-Situ Synthesis 4.2.1.2 Interfacial Synthesis 4.2.1.3 Solution/Dispersion Mixing 4.2.1.4 Emulsion Polymerization 4.2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis 4.3 Sensor Applications of PNCs 4.3.1 PNCs in Biosensors 4.3.2 PNCs in Gas Sensors 4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 5. Carbon-Based Functional Nanomaterials for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Classifi cation of NMS 5.3 Preparation of NMS 5.4 Functionalization of NMS 5.5 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMS) and Their Classification 5.6 Synthesis of CNMS 5.7 Functionalization of CNMS 5.7.1 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 5.7.2 Functionalization of Graphene (G) 5.7.3 Functionalization of C60 5.7.4 Functionalization of Carbon Nanodiamond 5.7.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nano-Onions (CNOs) 5.8 Sources of VOCS and Their Classifi cations 5.9 VOCS Sensing 5.9.1 VOCs Sensors 5.9.2 VOC Sensor Principle 5.9.3 Gas Sensing Characterization 5.9.4 Functionalized CNT-Based VOC Gas Sensor 5.9.5 Functionalized Graphene-Based VOC Gas Sensors 5.9.6 Boron Nitride–Based VOC Gas Sensors 5.9.7 Functionalized Fullerene-Based VOC Gas Sensors 5.9.8 Graphdiyne-Based VOC Gas Sensors 5.9.9 Other Carbon Nanomaterials–Based VOC Gas Sensors 5.10 Applications 5.10.1 Environmental Gas Monitoring 5.10.2 Non-Invasive Disease Diagnosis 5.11 Conclusions References 6. Functional Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis Application 6.2.1 Graphene-Based Photocatalysis 6.2.1.1 Graphene-Based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 6.2.1.2 Graphene-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 6.2.1.3 Graphene-Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 6.2.2 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)–Based Photocatalysis 6.2.2.1 g-C3N4–Based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 6.2.2.2 g-C3N4–Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 6.2.2.3 g-C3N4–Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 6.2.3 ZnO-Based Photocatalysis 6.2.3.1 ZnO-Based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 6.2.3.2 ZnO-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 6.2.3.3 ZnO-Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 6.2.4 TiO2 Photocatalysis 6.2.4.1 TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 6.2.4.2 TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 6.2.4.3 TiO2-Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 6.3 Conclusion References 7. Functional Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Electrochemical Methods 7.3 Electrochemistry 7.4 CNTs-Based Nanocomposites 7.5 Polymers Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Applications 7.6 RGO-Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Applications 7.7 Biochar with Metals or Metal Oxides for Electrochemical Applications 7.8 MXene with Metals or Metal Oxides for Electrochemical Applications 7.9 Conclusion 7.10 Acknowledgment References 8. Functional Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Properties of Functional Nanomaterials 8.2.1 Unique Features of Functional Nanomaterials 8.2.2 Advantages of the Functional Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors 8.3 Synthesis and Chemical Functionalization of Nanomaterials 8.3.1 Top-Down 8.3.2 Bottom-Up 8.4 Overview of the Development of Functional Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors 8.4.1 Functional Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensors 8.4.2 Functional Nanomaterials for Optical Sensors 8.4.3 Functional Nanomaterials for Electrical Sensors 8.4.4 Functional Nanomaterials for Mass-Sensitive Sensors 8.5 Challenges and Prospects of the Functional Nanomaterials Field for Chemical Sensor Applications 8.6 Conclusion References 9. Functional Nanomaterials for Gas Sensors 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Need for Gas Sensors 9.2.1 Critical Industries 9.2.2 Oxygen Gas Sensors 9.2.3 Automotive and Transport Industry 9.2.4 Household Applications 9.3 Categories of Gas Sensors 9.4 Technological Development in Gas Sensors 9.5 Types of Nanostructured Gas Sensors 9.5.1 Gas Sensors Made of Carbon Black 9.5.2 Carbon Nanofi ber Gas Sensors 9.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors 9.5.4 Graphene Gas Sensors 9.5.5 0-D, 1-D, 2-D Nanomaterials Gas Sensors: General Aspects 9.6 Conclusion References 10. Electronic Devices Including Nanomaterial-Based Sensors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nanosensors 10.3 Electronic Devices–Based Nanosensors 10.4 Applications of Nanosensors in Electronic Devices 10.4.1 Electrometric Devices 10.4.2 Biomedical Devices 10.4.3 Aeronautic Electronic Devices 10.4.4 Nanosensor Electronic Devices Used in the Military 10.4.5 Health Monitoring Electronic Devices 10.4.6 Insect Killing Devices 10.4.7 Transportation and Communication Purpose Usable Devices 10.5 Benefits of Using Nanosensors in Electronic Devices 10.5.1 Sensitivity 10.5.2 Linearity in Electronic Devices 10.5.3 Limit of Detection (LOD) 10.5.4 Enhances the Selectivity 10.5.5 Response Time 10.5.6 Good Reproducibility, Repeatability, and Stability 10.6 Advancement of Electronic Devices and Challenges with Nanosensors 10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 11. DNA-Aptamer–Based Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Thrombin: Fundamentals and Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Different Types of Biosensors 11.2.1 Optical Biosensors 11.2.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 11.2.3 Mass-Based Biosensors 11.3 Applications of Biosensors 11.3.1 Medicine, Clinical, and Diagnostic Applications 11.3.2 Environmental Monitoring 11.3.3 Industrial Applications 11.3.4 Food Industry 11.4 Electrochemical DNA-Aptasensors 11.4.1 Nanomaterials Used in Electrochemical DNA-Aptasensors 11.4.2 Surface Characterization and Electrochemical Techniques Used in Electrochemical DNA-Aptasensors 11.5 Electrochemical DNA-Aptasensors for Thrombin Detection 11.5.1 Characteristics of TBA Important to Build Electrochemical DNA-Aptasensors 11.5.2 Fundamental Strategies of Immobilization of TBA in EC DNA-Aptasensors 11.5.2.1 Configuration 1 11.5.2.2 Configuration 2 11.5.2.3 Configuration 3 11.5.3 Applications of Nanomaterials in Electrochemical DNA-Aptasensors 11.6 Conclusions 11.7 Acknowledgment References 12. Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensors and Bio-Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods of Nanoparticles Synthesis 12.3 Metal Nanomaterials in Sensing 12.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Biosensors 12.5 DNA-Modifi ed Nanoparticles 12.6 Protein-Functionalized Nanoparticles 12.6.1 Silk Protein Fibroin 12.6.2 Human Serum Albumin 12.6.3 Gliadin 12.6.4 Gelatin 12.7 Self-Healing Biomaterials via Nanomaterials 12.8 Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering 12.9 Conclusions References 13. Functional Nanomaterials for Health and Environmental Issues 13.1 Introduction to One Health 13.2 Nanomaterials Sensors for Health 13.2.1 Introduction 13.2.2 Introduction to Nanomaterials in Medicine 13.2.2.1 Properties at the Nanoscale 13.2.2.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 13.2.2.3 Coating of Nanomaterials 13.2.3 Applications in Medicine 13.2.3.1 Imaging 13.2.3.2 Biosensing 13.2.4 Conclusion 13.3 Nanomaterials Sensors Environment Remediation 13.3.1 Introduction 13.3.2 Azo Dyes Environmental Remediation by Nanomaterials 13.3.2.1 Methyl Orange 13.3.2.2 Reactive Black 5 13.3.3 T oluidine and Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B Environmental Remediation 13.3.3.1 Toluidine Blue 13.3.3.2 Methylene Blue 13.3.3.3 Rhodamine B 13.3.4 Multi Dyes Degradation 13.4 Conclusion References 14. Implications of the Use of Functional Nanomaterials for the Environment and Health: Risk Assessment and Challenges 14.1 Introduction 14.2 State of the Art of EU Regulation Related to Using Functional Nanomaterials in Sensing 14.3 Risk Assessment 14.3.1 Risk Assessment Techniques 14.3.2 Risk Assessment Applied to Nanomaterials 14.4 Nanomaterials in the Environment 14.4.1 Natural Nanomaterials in the Environment 14.4.2 Synthetic Nanomaterials in the Environment 14.5 Nanomaterials’ Effects on the Environment 14.5.1 Positive Effects 14.5.2 Negative Effects 14.6 Human Health Impacts of Nanomaterials Exposure 14.6.1 Exposure Pathways to Humans • Inhalation • Ingestion • Dermal Penetration • Injection • Ocular Exposure 14.6.2 Human Health Impacts • Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) • Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene • Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs) • Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) • Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 14.7 Risk Assessment of Functional Nanomaterials 14.7.1 Regulatory Framework for Nanomaterials 14.7.2 Frameworks of Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 14.7.2.1 Risk Assessment Strategies Mainly Directed toward Regulatory Submission • NanoRiskCat • DF4nanoGrouping Framework • MARINA Risk Assessment Strategy • Nanomaterial Categorization for Assessing Risk Potential • A Strategy toward Grouping and Read-Across • Risk Assessment and Grouping Strategy Based on Clouds of Predefined Test Strategies • Risk Banding Framework • Sustainable Nanotechnology Decision Support System (SUNDS) 14.7.2.2 Risk Assessment Strategies Mainly Directed toward the Innovation Chain • LICARA NanoSCAN • Alternatives Assessments for Nanomaterials • NANoREG D6.04 14.8 Challenges Concerning Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 14.8.1 Regulatory Framework 14.8.2 Specific Issues Related to Risk Assessment 14.8.3 Improvement of the Feasibility of Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 14.8.4 Uncertainty and Efficiency in Risk Assessment Frameworks 14.9 Conclusions References Index