The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences

Description

In 1773, Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus, a dramatic, puzzling act that had a profound impact. This volume traces the causes of the attack on the Jesuits, the national expulsions that preceded universal suppression, and the consequences of these extraordinary developments. The Suppression occurred at a unique historical juncture, at the high-water mark of the Enlightenment and on the cusp of global imperial crises and the Age of Revolution. After more than two centuries, answers to how and why it took place remain unclear. A diverse selection of essays - covering France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, China, Eastern Europe, and the Americas - reflects the complex international elements of the Jesuit Suppression. The contributors shed new light on its significance by drawing on the latest research. Essential reading on a crucial yet previously neglected topic, this collection will interest scholars of eighteenth-century religious, intellectual, cultural, and political history. Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Dedication Table of contents List of contributors Acknowledgments Introduction Part I Causes 1 Plots and Rumors of Plots The French Exception Gallicanism and Jansenism The Ur-Plot in Planning and Action The Plot’s Permutations and Peregrinations Conclusion 2 Between Power and Enlightenment Enlightenment Historicism and Apologetics among the Jesuits The Polyvalence of Jesuit Enlightenment Jesuit Natural Philosophy The Juxtaposition of Jesuit Politics and Innovation at Mid-Century, c. 1730–1764 3 Friends as Liabilities Beaumont and Rousseau Beaumont, Rousseau, and the Jesuits Beaumont as Defender of the Jesuits Part II Events 4 On the Road to Suppression The Spanish Crown and the Expulsions from the Spanish Dominions: An Overview Background to the Development of the Jesuit-Guaraní Reductions, 1609–1768 The Jesuit-Guaraní Reductions: A Collaborative Venture The Effects of the 1768 Expulsion of the Jesuits On the Road to Suppression: The Fate of the Expelled Jesuits of Paraquaria 5 The End of the Jesuit Mission in China Appendix 1 The Fate of Jesuits Arrested in Macao, 5 July 1762 Province of Japan French China Mission Vice-Province of China 6 The Expulsion and Suppression in Portugal and Spain Negócio Jesuítico: The Jesuit Expulsion from the Kingdom of Portugal Jesuit Myths: From Portugal to Europe The Expulsion of the Spanish Jesuits Logistics of the Expulsion of the Spanish Jesuits Conclusion 7 The Suppression of the Jesuits in the Savoyard State Establishment of the Jesuits to circa 1700 Royal Assertion vis-à-vis the Jesuits circa 1713–1740 Savoyard Opinion and the Jesuits before 1773 Jesuit Wealth and Numbers circa 1770 The Court of Turin and the Anti-Jesuit Campaign to 1773 Implementing Suppression Impact of the Suppression Conclusion 8 “Lost in the Title” Marshalling Opposition to the Society of Jesus The Gathering Storm: Death of Clement XIII The Election of Pope Clement XIV 9 French Jesuits 1756–1814 Part III Consequences 10 General Suppression, Russian Survival, American Success 11 Adam Beckers (1744–1806), (Ex-)Jesuit in Amsterdam, and the Society of Jesus from Suppression to Restoration Amsterdam and White Russia Adam Beckers, First Jesuit Superior in The Netherlands (1805) Death of Adam Beckers Conclusion 12 Ex-Jesuits in the East Habsburg Lands, Silesia and Poland Toleration and Transformation in the Eastern Habsburg Realms Silesia Poland Conclusion 13 The Exile of the Spanish Jesuits in Italy (1767–1815) 14 The Legacies of Suppression Jesuit Scientists during the Suppression Era Gains and Losses Select Bibliography Index