Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 7

Description

The accumulation of large amounts of contaminants occurs in the environment due to industrialization and various other anthropogenic activities. Contaminants ultimately affect human health worldwide. Organic, inorganic, and radioactive substances are the prevalent forms of environmental contaminants and their complete remediation in soils and sediments is rather a difficult task. Concerns of their toxicities led to the emphasis on development of effective techniques to assess the presence and mobility of contaminants in air, water, and soil. Furthermore, the ever-increasing concentration of toxic pollutants in the environment is considered a serious threat to plant, animal, human, and environmental health. Many technologies are in use to clean and eliminate hazardous contaminants from the environment; however, these technologies can be costly, labor intensive, and often distressing to the general public. Phytoremediation is a simple, cost effective, environmentally friendly and fast-emerging new technology for eliminating toxic contaminants from different environments. Phytoremediation refers to the natural ability of certain plants and their associated microbiome (including hyper-accumulators or bio-accumulators) to remove, degrade, or render contaminants harmless. Through this technique, certain species of plants flourish by accumulating contaminants present in the environment. The unique and selective uptake capabilities of plant root and shoot systems, effective translocation, bioaccumulation, and contaminant degradation capabilities of the accumulator plants are utilized in phytoremediation techniques. Phytotechnologies involving the use of plants for contaminant removal gained importance during the last two decades and phytoremediation technology became an effective tool for environmental detoxification because of plants ability to accumulate the contaminants at very high concentrations. Phytoremediation strategies can remove, degrade, or stabilize inorganic and organic contaminants entering a multitude of ecosystems using green plants and their associated microbial communities. The development and use of phytotechnologies continues to move forward at a steady pace. Researchers recognize the potential of phytoremediation to offer a green, cost effective, eco-friendly and feasible application to address some of the world’s many environmental challenges. This book provides significant information to add to the previous volumes published on the topic and can serve as the foundation for the development of new applications that feature the integration of modern research discoveries into new methods to remediate contaminated ecosystems. Moreover, this volume brings recent and established knowledge on different aspects of phytoremediation and nano-phytoremediation, providing this information in a single source that offers a cutting-edge synthesis of scientific and experiential knowledge on polluted environments that is useful for policy makers, practitioners and scientists, and engineers. Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 7 highlights the various prospects that are involved in current global phytoremediation research. This book delivers a content-rich source to the reader and can act as a platform for further research studies. It should meet the needs of all researchers working in, or have an interest in this particular field. Foreword Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Overview of Current Phytotechnology & Phytoremediation Applications Chapter 1: Phytoremediation and Management of Environmental Contaminants: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Phytoremediation Technology 1.3 Phytodegradation 1.4 Phytoextraction 1.5 Phytostabilization or Phytoimmobilization 1.6 Phytovolatilization 1.7 Rhizodegradation 1.8 Rhizofiltration 1.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 2: Phytoremediation and Contaminants 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phytoremediation 2.3 Phytoremediation in Water and Wastewater 2.4 Phytoremediation in Soil 2.5 Phytoremediation in Air 2.6 Genetic and Phytoremediation 2.7 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Phytoremediation by Wild Weeds: A Natural Asset 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Phytoremediation and Its Techniques 3.3 Type of Plant Responses Against Metal Tolerance 3.4 Review of Phytoremediation Capability of Some Wild Weeds 3.5 Role of Heavy Metal Tolerance Genes 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Phytoremediation: Sustainable and Organic Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metal Contaminants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Phytoremediation to Improve the Quality of Air 4.3 Phytoremediation to Improve the Quality of Water 4.4 Phytoremediation to Improve the Quality of Soil 4.5 Results and Discussion 4.6 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Heavy Metal Transporting ATPases in Brassica Species 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants for Phytoremediation 5.3 Heavy Metal ATPases in Metal Transport 5.4 Genomic Structure of Metal ATPases Identified from Different Plant Species in Brassicaceae 5.5 Motif Composition of the HMA Proteins in Plant Species in Brassicaceae 5.6 3D Structure Prediction and Validation of HMA Transporters 5.7 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Bioformulations for Sustainable Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soil 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils 6.3 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils 6.3.1 Phytoextraction/Phytoaccumulation 6.3.2 Phytostimulation 6.3.3 Phytostabilization 6.3.4 Phytovolatilization 6.3.5 Phytodegradation 6.3.6 Phytofiltration/Rhizofiltration 6.3.7 Rhizoremediation 6.4 Microorganisms to Enhance Phytoremediation of Polluted Soil 6.4.1 Enhanced Metal Availability in Soil for Phytoextraction 6.4.2 Improving Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals to Augment Phytoextraction 6.5 Concept of Plant Growth Promotor Bioformulations 6.6 Biofertilizers as Bioformulations 6.7 Plant Growth Promoting Microbes 6.7.1 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 6.7.1.1 Role of PGPR to Boost Plant Growth Under Abiotic Stress 6.7.2 Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) 6.8 Techniques for Improving the Manufacturing of Bioformulations 6.8.1 Solid Formulation 6.8.2 Liquid Formulation 6.8.3 Metabolite Formulation 6.8.4 Polymeric Formulation 6.9 Role of Plant–Microbial–Metal Associations in Phytoremediation 6.9.1 Metal Detoxification 6.9.2 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation 6.9.3 Bioleaching 6.9.4 Metal Mobilization 6.9.5 Metal Immobilization 6.10 Plant Mechanisms for Metal Detoxification 6.11 Conclusions References Part II: Planning and Engineering Applications to Phytoremediation Chapter 7: Application of Electroremediation Coupled with Phytoremediation Techniques for the Removal of Trace Metals in Sewage Sludge 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sewage Sludge and Its Characteristics 7.3 Potentiality of Land Application of Sewage Sludge 7.4 Consequences of Sewage Sludge Application on Land 7.5 Soil Remediation Techniques 7.5.1 Heat Treatment 7.5.2 Ion Exchange Treatment 7.5.3 Use of Chelating Agents 7.5.4 Use of Basic Compounds 7.5.5 Use of Aluminosilicate Materials 7.5.6 Composting 7.5.7 Biosurfactant Application 7.5.8 Bioleaching 7.5.9 Phytoremediation 7.5.10 Electroremediation 7.6 Scope of Electroremediation 7.7 Scope of Coupled Technique at Laboratory Scale 7.8 Advantages 7.9 Limitations 7.10 Conclusions References Part III: Phytoremediation Applications for Contaminated Water and Soil Chapter 8: Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Trapa natans in Hokersar Wetland, a Ramsar Site of Kashmir Himalayas 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Methods 8.2.1 Study Area 8.2.2 Study Species 8.2.3 Sampling 8.2.4 Chemical Analysis 8.2.4.1 Data Analysis 8.3 Results and Discussion References Part IV: Phytoremediation Using Microbial Assemblages in Water and Soil Chapter 9: Spinoffs of Phyoremediation and/or Microorganism Consortium in Soil, Sediment, and Water Treatments and Improvement: Study of Specific Cases and Its Socioeconomic and Environmental Advantages 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Phytoremediation 9.2.1 Definition of Phytoremediation 9.2.2 The Different Phytoremediation Processes (by Plants) 9.2.2.1 Phytoextraction 9.2.2.2 Phytostabilization 9.2.2.3 Phytodegradation 9.2.2.4 Phytovolatilization 9.2.2.5 Rhizofiltration 9.2.3 Phytoremediation by Microorganisms: Phytoremediation Wastewater by Microalgae (Study Case of Urban Wastewater) 9.2.3.1 Bioenergetic Benefits: Valorization of Fatty Acids Produced by Phytoremediation in Biodiesel 9.2.3.2 Environmental Impact and Agricultural Impact 9.2.3.2.1 Environmental Benefits 9.2.3.2.2 Advantage of Agronomy 9.3 Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater 9.3.1 Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater [Case Study of Olive Mill Waste Water (OMW) Treatment in Arid Zone] 9.3.2 Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater (Case Study: Anaerobic Biodegradation of Chlorinated Organics in Bioaugmented with Desulfitobacterium spp.”) 9.3.3 Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater (Case Study: Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater from Used Industrial Oil Recovery) 9.3.4 Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater (Case Study of OMW Treatment) 9.3.5 Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater (Environmental Bioremediation by Lipopeptides Biosurfactants Microorganisms Produced) 9.4 Bioremediation and Bioenergy of Sludge and Sediments 9.5 Contribution of Phytoremediation/Bioremediation Processes to Recent Developments in the Economics of Sustainable Development 9.5.1 Sustainable Development and the Negative Effects of the Economic System on the Environment 9.5.2 The Three Pillars of Sustainable Development 9.5.3 Is Economic Growth Compatible with the Preservation of the Environment? 9.5.3.1 The Economic Growth and Development Results from the Interaction of Several Types of Capital 9.5.3.2 Sustainable or Sustainable Development and the Debate on the Substitutability of Capital 9.5.3.2.1 Sustainability, Growth and Environment 9.5.3.2.2 Sustainable Development: Strong Sustainability (or Sustainability)/Low Sustainability (or Sustainability) Sustainable or Sustainable Development Integrates Three Dimensions 9.5.4 What Environmental Policies to Put in Place by Governments? 9.6 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Applying Amendments for Metal(loid) Phytostabilization: Effects on Soil Biogeochemical and Microbiological Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Phytostabilization to Contain Metal(loid) Pollution and Reduce Its Negative Effects 10.2.1 Salicaceae, Species with a Good Potential for Phytostabilization 10.2.2 Amendments to Improve Soil Conditions 10.2.2.1 Organic Amendments 10.2.2.2 Iron Oxides and Iron-Based Amendments 10.3 The Effects of Amendments 10.3.1 The Effects of Amendments on the Soil 10.3.2 The Effects of Amendments on Plant Growth and Metal(loid) Accumulation 10.3.3 The Specific Response of Roots to Amendments 10.3.4 Modification of Soil–Microbial Community by Amendments 10.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References Chapter 11: Rhizodegradation: The Plant Root Exudate and Microbial Community Relationship 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants in the Soil 11.2.1 Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminants 11.2.2 Bioremediation 11.2.3 Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants 11.3 Plant Root Exudation and Its Influence on Biodegradation 11.3.1 The Release of Root Exudates 11.3.2 Influence of Root Exudates on Biodegradation 11.4 Plant Growth Promoting Microbes-Assisted Rhizoremediation 11.4.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)-Assisted Phytoremediation 11.4.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB)-Assisted Phytoremediation 11.5 Future Perspectives References Chapter 12: Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Toxic Metals from Contaminated Soil 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Human Health and Heavy Metals 12.2 Microbial Remediation 12.2.1 Biological Remediation with Bacteria 12.2.1.1 Endophytic Bacteria Used for Phytoremediation 12.2.2 Biological Remediation with Fungi 12.3 Microbes-Assisted Remediation Mechanisms 12.3.1 Biomining 12.3.2 Biosorption 12.3.3 Plant and Microbes-Assisted Remediation 12.4 Factors Contribute to the Microbial Degradation of Heavy Metal Pollution 12.4.1 Ambient Temperature 12.4.2 pH 12.4.3 Substrate Species 12.4.4 Substrate Concentration 12.4.5 Composite Reclamation 12.5 Bioremediation- A Sustainable Approach for Environmental Restoration 12.6 Economic Perspective 12.6.1 Market Niches for Secondary Products 12.7 Public Perception of Bioremediation 12.8 Applicability of Bioremediation Techniques for Decontamination of High Metal and Multi-metal Contamination in Soil 12.9 Challenges and Future Prospect 12.10 Conclusion References Part V: Phytoremediation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants and Organic-Inorganic Mixtures Chapter 13: Prospects for the Use of Sorghum Bicolor for Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals in Temperate Climates 13.1 Introduction. High Biomass Plants in Soil Phytoremediation. Features of Use 13.2 The Physiological Characteristics of Sorghum Growing on Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals. Adaptation to Stress 13.3 Features of Bioaccumulation of Toxic Elements from Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals in Conditions of Model Experiment 13.4 Sorghum Rhizosphere Microorganisms and Resistance to Heavy Metals 13.5 Prospects for the Use of Sorghum for Phytoremediation of Urban Soils in Temperate Climates 13.6 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Comparative Effect of Cadmium on Germination and Early Growth of Two Halophytes: Atriplex halimus L. and A. nummularia Lindl. for Phytoremediation Applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Materials and Methods 14.2.1 Species Description and Seed Source 14.2.2 Germination Experiment and Seedling Measurements 14.2.3 Statistical Analysis 14.3 Results and Discussion 14.3.1 Cadmium Effects on Germination Percentage 14.3.2 Cadmium Effects on the Timson’s Index 14.3.3 Cadmium Effects on Early Seedling Growth 14.3.4 Cadmium Tolerance Index (TI %) 14.3.5 Phytotoxicity Index (PI %) 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Phytoremediation of Soils Polluted by Heavy Metals and Metalloids: Recent Case Studies in Latin America 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Heavy Metals 15.1.2 Impact on Soils 15.2 Types of Phytoremediation 15.2.1 Phytostabilization 15.2.2 Phytoextraction 15.2.3 Rhizofiltration 15.3 Study Cases by Country 15.4 Argentina 15.5 Brazil 15.6 Chile 15.7 Colombia 15.8 Ecuador 15.9 Honduras 15.10 Mexico 15.11 Peru 15.12 Final Remarks References Part VI: Nanotechnology in Management of Environmental Contaminants Chapter 16: Nano-phytoremediation and Its Applications 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Nano-phytoremediation 16.2.1 Nanoparticles 16.2.2 Phytoremediation 16.3 Nano-phytoremediation of Pollutants in Soil 16.3.1 Function of Nanomaterials in the Technique of Phytoremediation 16.3.2 Applications of Nanomaterials Through the Process of Phytoremediation in Polluted Soil 16.3.3 Nanomaterial Promotes Phytoremediation for Removal of Heavy Metals from the Soil 16.3.4 Nanomaterial Stimulates Phytoremediation for Extraction of As 16.3.5 Nanomaterial Used in Phytoremediation for Remediation of Organic Contaminants 16.3.6 Direct Removal of Contaminants by Using Nanomaterials 16.3.7 Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil 16.3.8 Ideal Plant Characteristics for Nano-phytoremediation 16.4 Important Plant Species Used for Phytoremediation 16.4.1 Brassica juncea 16.4.2 Pteris vittata 16.4.3 Helianthus annuus or Sunflowers 16.4.4 Salix viminalis or Willow 16.4.5 Thlaspi caerulescens or Alpine Pennycress 16.4.6 Ambrosia artemisiifolia or Common Ragweed 16.4.7 Populus Trees 16.4.8 Mirabilis jalapa 16.4.9 Apocynum cannabinum 16.4.10 Festuca arundinacea 16.4.11 Hordeum vulgare L. or Barley 16.5 Selection of Suitable Nanoparticles for Phytoremediation 16.5.1 Role of Nanoparticles to Clean-up Environment 16.5.2 Challenges of Nano-phytoremediation 16.6 Applications of Nano-phytoremediation 16.7 Stimulating Plant Growth 16.8 Accelerating the Phytoavailability of Pollutants 16.9 Nano-phytoremediation in the Purification of Water 16.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 17: Potentials and Frontiers of Nanotechnology for Phytoremediation 17.1 Introduction 17.2 What Is Nano-phytoremediation? 17.2.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 17.2.2 Phytoremediation 17.3 Contribution of Nanoparticles in Nano-phytoremediation 17.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Nano-phytoremediation 17.4.1 Directly Removing the Pollutants 17.4.2 Enhancing the Phyto-availability of the Pollutants 17.4.3 Promoting Plant Growth 17.5 Factors Affecting the Course of Nano-phytoremediation 17.6 Advantages, Limitations, and Concerns 17.7 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Nanotechnology in Management of Environmental Contaminants 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Environmental Contamination 18.3 Nanotechnology: Origin and Types 18.4 Classification of NPs/Types of NPs 18.4.1 Carbon-Based NPs 18.4.2 Metal-Based NPs 18.4.3 Semiconductor NPs 18.4.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles 18.4.5 Polymeric nanoparticles 18.4.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 18.4.7 Nanomaterials 18.5 Remediation of Major Environmental Contaminants Via Nanotechnology 18.5.1 Heavy Metals 18.5.2 Organic Pollutants 18.5.3 Pesticides 18.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions References Chapter 19: Nanotechnologies and Phytoremediation: Pros and Cons 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Phytoremediation 19.3 Nanotechnology 19.4 Nanomaterial 19.5 Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) 19.6 Nano-phytoremediation 19.7 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Nanotechnology in Phytoremediation: Application and Future 20.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 20.2 Phytoremediation 20.2.1 Nanophytoremediation 20.3 Applications of Nanophytoremediation 20.3.1 Water Purification 20.3.2 Organic Pollutants 20.3.3 Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides 20.3.4 Removal of Insecticides 20.3.5 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 20.3.6 Agrochemicals 20.3.7 Fluoride 20.3.8 Dyes 20.3.9 Acid Mine Drainage 20.4 Types of Nanoparticles to Be Used in Phytoremediation 20.4.1 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron 20.4.2 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles 20.4.3 Functional Carbon Nanodots 20.4.4 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 20.4.5 Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles 20.5 Benefits of Nanotechnology in Phytoremediation 20.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 21: Nano-phytoremediation: The Successful Combination of Nanotechnology and Phytoremediation 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation 21.2.1 Inorganic Materials 21.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 21.2.3 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials 21.2.4 Risks Associated with the Use of Nanoparticles and Solutions Toward Effective Management 21.3 Nano-phytoremediation 21.3.1 Nanoparticles and Microorganisms for Phytoremediation 21.4 Soil Nano-phytoremediation: Association of Nanotechnology and Remediation 21.4.1 Nano-phytoremediation: Arsenic in the Soil and Water 21.4.2 Nano-phytoremediation of Organochlorine Compounds 21.4.3 Potentially Toxic Metals 21.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nano-phytoremediation References Chapter 22: Nanobioremediation and Its Application for Sustainable Environment 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Nanobioremediation 22.2.1 Challenges of NPs in Nanobioremedaition 22.2.2 The Principle of Nanobioremediation 22.2.3 Challenges of Nanobioremediation 22.2.4 Interaction of NPs with Microbes and Soil 22.2.5 Advantages of Nanobioremediation 22.2.6 The Science of Nanobioremediation 22.3 Various NPs Used in Nanobioremediation 22.3.1 Nano-Fe and Its Related Derivatives Applied in Bioremediation 22.3.2 Use of Dendrimers in Bioremediation 22.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Nanocrystals Used in Bioremediation 22.3.4 Enzyme NPs Used in Bioremediation 22.3.4.1 Single-Enzyme NPs Used in Bioremediation 22.3.5 Engineered Polymer-Based NPs for Bioremediation of Contaminants 22.3.6 Use of Biogenic Uraninite NPs for Remediation of Uranium 22.3.7 The Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Using NPs of Noaea Mucronata 22.3.8 Microbial Nano-biomolecules for the Remediation of Contaminants 22.3.9 Engineered Polymeric NPs Used in the Remediation of Soil 22.4 The Science Regarding Bioremediation by Using NM 22.5 Conclusion References Chapter 23: Nanoparticles-Assisted Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils: Potential Application and Challenges 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Nano-phytoremediation of Soil Pollutants 23.2.1 Inorganic Soil Pollutants 23.2.2 Organic Soil Pollutants 23.3 Characteristics of Remediation Plants 23.4 Processes Involved in NPs-Assisted Phytoremediation 23.4.1 Direct Removal of Pollutants 23.4.2 Increase in Bioavailability of Pollutants 23.4.3 Improvement in Plant Growth 23.5 Types of NPs Pertinent for Nano-phytoremediation 23.5.1 Metal-Based NPs 23.5.2 Carbon-Based NPs 23.5.3 Engineered NPs 23.6 Factors That Affect Efficiency of Nano-phytoremediation 23.6.1 Soil Factors 23.6.2 Plant Factors 23.7 Production Technologies of NPs 23.7.1 Bottom-Up Technique 23.7.2 Top-Down Technique 23.8 Toxicities and Challenges Associated with NPs Application in Soil 23.9 Future Perspectives References Chapter 24: A Systematic Analysis of Nanotechnology Application in Water Contaminations Removal 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Methodology 24.3 Result and Discussion 24.4 Conclusion References Chapter 25: Nanoparticles-Based Management of Cadmium Toxicity in Crop Plants 25.1 Introduction: Cadmium Toxicity to Plants 25.2 Nanoparticles in Sustainable Agriculture 25.3 Nanoparticles-Induced Alleviation of Cd Toxicity in Crop Plants 25.3.1 Nanoparticles-Mediated Modification of Cd Uptakes in Roots of Crop Plants 25.3.2 Nanoparticles-Mediated Amelioration of Cd-Induced Toxicity 25.3.2.1 Modulation of Mineral Elements 25.3.2.2 Enhancement of Growth (Biomass) 25.3.2.3 Improvement of Leaf Health 25.3.2.4 Improvement of Nutritional Quality of Crops 25.4 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles-Mediated Amelioration of Cd-Induced Toxicity in Crop Plants 25.4.1 Reduction in Soil Cd Bioavailability 25.4.2 Modification of Homeostasis 25.4.2.1 Changes in the Distribution of Tissue Cd 25.4.2.2 Enhancement of Antioxidant Defense Systems 25.4.2.3 Modification of Expression of Cd Transport Genes 25.4.2.4 Increased Induction of Root Exudates or Complexants 25.4.2.5 Structural Alteration of Crop Plants 25.5 Conclusion References Chapter 26: Heavy Metal Remediation by Nanotechnology 26.1 Introduction to Heavy Metals 26.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 26.3 Conventional Treatments 26.4 Bioremediation 26.5 Nanoparticles 26.6 Nanotechnology for Bioremediation 26.7 Nano-Adsorbents 26.8 Carbon Nanoparticles 26.9 Carbon Nanotubes 26.10 Fullerenes 26.11 Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites 26.12 Nanometal Oxides 26.13 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 26.14 Polymeric Nanoparticles 26.15 Silicon Nanoparticles 26.16 Nanobots 26.17 Nanofiltration 26.18 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 26.19 Biogenic Nanoparticles 26.20 Nano Cellulose 26.21 Yeast 26.22 Fungus 26.23 Algae 26.24 Cyanobacteria 26.25 Bacteria 26.26 Recommendations 26.27 Conclusion References Chapter 27: Phytoremediation and Management of Environmental Contaminants: Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Index