Turning a Bilingual Dictionary into a Lexical-Semantic Database

Description

This volume addresses the complex problem of the use and exploitation of bilingual lexical resources available in machine-readable form. The reusability of lexical resources has indeed attracted a lot of attention in the past few years, but NLP researchers have tended to concentrate mainly on monolingual English learners' dictionaries, somewhat neglecting bilingual dictionaries. Abbreviations Mel’čuk’s lexical functions and lexical-semantic relations Acknowledgements 1 General introduction 2 Acquisition of lexical and co-occurrence knowledge: an overview 2.1 Lexical acquisition and machine-readable dictionaries 2.2 Defining collocations 2.2.1 Lexical collocations 2.2.2 Grammatical collocations 2.2.3 Support verbs 2.3 Acquiring lexical knowledge from textual corpora 2.4 Conclusion 3 A few collocational dictionaries 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The BBI Dictionary 3.3 Selected English Collocations (SEC) 3.4 English Adverbial Collocations (EAC) 3.5 Langenscheidts Kontextwörterbuch Französisch-Deutsch 3.6 Conclusion 4 Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon 4.1 The theory 4.1.1 Argument structure 4.1.2 Event structure 4.1.3 Qualia structure 4.2 Conclusion 5 MeaningText Theory and the Explanatory Combinatory Dictionary 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Explanatory Combinatory Dictionary 5.3 Structure of an ECD entry 5.3.1 Introductory Zone 5.3.2 Semantic Zone 5.3.3 Syntactic Zone 5.3.4 Lexical Functions Zone 5.4 MeaningText Theory and Natural Language Processing 5.5 Conclusion 6 Constructing a database from the Collins-Robert Dictionary 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Collins-Robert Dictionary 6.3 The Collins-Robert metalinguistic apparatus 6.3.1 Part of speech of the source item 6.3.2 Meaning equivalents, explanations and micro-definitions 6.3.3 Subject field codes 6.3.4 Grammar notes 6.3.5 Selection restrictions 6.4 Metalanguage and lexical functions 6.5 Collocations, terminology and lexical functions 6.6 A relational database 6.6.1 Structure of the database 6.6.2 Modifying the metalinguistic apparatus 6.6.3 Enriching the database with lexical-semantic information 6.6.4 Retrieving information from the database: application programs 7 Defining formulae and lexical functions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Mult 7.2.1 body of 7.2.2 group of 7.2.3 set of 7.2.4 series of 7.2.5 list of 7.2.6 cluster of 7.2.7 number of 7.2.8 A note on “collective” 7.3 Sing 7.3.1 piece of 7.3.2 a member of 7.3.3 flash of 7.3.4 act of 7.4 Sinstr 7.5 Caus/Perm 7.5.1 cause to/allow to 7.5.2 make + adj 7.6 A0 7.6.1 concerning 7.6.2 of the/of a 7.6.3 made of 7.7 Aj 7.7.1 having + N 7.7.2 causing + N 7.7.3 lacking + N 7.7.4 who + V 7.7.5 without 7.8 Anti 7.8.1 not 7.8.2 lack of 7.8.3 as opposed to 7.8.4 no longer 7.9 Contr 7.10 Son 7.10.1 sound of/noise of 7.11 Incep 7.11.1 become 7.11.2 grow 7.11.3 get 7.11.4 turn 7.12 Smod 7.12.1 way of + V-ing 7.13 Able 7.13.1 meant to 7.13.2 fit to 7.13.3 can be 7.13.4 able to 7.13.5 capable of 7.14 Perf 7.14.1 thing + Ven 7.15 Magn// 7.16 Centr 7.17 Conclusion 8 A few suggestions towards the creation of additional functions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Unit 8.3 Part 8.3.1 part of 8.3.2 branch of 8.4 Child/Parent 8.5 Male/Female 8.6 Process 8.7 Telic 8.8 Spec 8.9 Conclusion 9 Assigning lexical functions: tests and consistency 9.1 Introduction 9.2 IncepPredMinus vs. FinFunc0 9.3 Culm vs. Centr 9.4 Telic 9.5 Real vs. AntiReal 9.6 Morphological clues 9.6.1 Up/Down 9.6.2 Off 9.6.3 Away 9.7 Conclusion 10 A closer look at the lexical function Son 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Phonaesthesia and onomatopoeia 10.3 Sound verbs in the Collins-Robert dictionary 10.4 Analyzing regularities 10.5 Final clusters 10.6 Conclusion 11 Noun alternations and sense extensions 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Lexical Implication Rules 11.3 LIRs and the bilingual dictionary 11.3.1 Mass/Count alternation 11.3.2 The Animal ? Fur LIR 11.3.3 The Fruit/Flower of plant ? Plant LIR 11.3.4 The Container -> Contents LIR 11.4 Conclusion 12 Transitivity alternations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The causative/inchoative alternation 12.3 Ergative verbs and the Collins-Robert dictionary 12.4 Ergativity and translation 12.4.1 No modification 12.4.2 Pronominalization 12.4.3 Causative operator: Faire + infinitive 12.4.4 Causative operator: Rendre + adjective 12.4.5 Passive construction 12.5 Automatic vs. semi-automatic acquisition of ergative verbs 12.6 Ergative verbs and lexical functions 12.7 Conclusion 13 Metaphors and lexical functions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Lakoff & Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By 13.3 Lexical functions 13.3.1 Mult 13.3.2 Basic shapes and lexical functions 13.4 Conclusion 14 Pedagogical applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Teaching collocations in a business English class: an experiment 14.3 Towards CALL exercises 14.3.1 Studying the collocational potential of a given base 14.3.2 Recovering the base 14.3.3 Studying lexical functions 14.4 Improving reference works 14.5 Conclusion 15 General conclusions 16 Appendices 16.1 Appendix A: The Son lexical function (sample list) 16.2 Appendix B: Verbs of sound (in reverse alphabetical order) 16.3 Appendix C: The Mult lexical function (sample list) 16.4 Appendix D: The Culm lexical function 16.5 Appendix E: The Centr lexical function 16.6 Appendix F: The Sloc lexical function (sample list) 16.7 Appendix G: The Oper, lexical function (sample list) 16.8 Appendix H: The Liqu lexical function (sample list) 16.9 Appendix I: The noun PRICE and lexical functions 16.10 Appendix J: List of ergative verbs 17 Resume 18 Zusammenfassung 19 Bibliography 20 Index