International Labour Mobility: How Remittances Shape the Labour Migration Model

Description

This book provides a multidisciplinary analysis of the links between migration and remittances. The role of remittances in influencing migration decision is explored in relation to economic development, education, the labour market, and social factors. The impact of remittances on migration is examined from a global perspective, with a focus on both specific countries and larger regions, such as the European Union and the former Soviet states. The challenges in managing migration flows are also discussed, alongside the impact of COVID-19 on migration, and policy suggestions are made for the efficient management of labour migration. This book aims to offer a comparative analysis of the impact of remittances resulting from labour migration and foreign direct investment on the economic growth. It will be relevant to researchers and policymakers interested in labour and migration economics. Contents About the Authors List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Introduction References Chapter 2: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of Remittances Remittances: Conceptual Overview Transfer Channels The Cost of Remittances Instead of Conclusions References Chapter 3: Migration Theories and the Role of Remittances The Push-Pull Theory Dual Market Theory Rational Choice Theory World-Systems Theory The Theory of Neoclassical Economics Neo-Marxist Theory Migration Network Theory The Institutional Theory Cumulative Causation References Chapter 4: Historical Evolution and Trends of the Migration Phenomenon and Remittances The Historical Evolution of Global Migration The Global Migration Phenomenon in 1990–2020 Migration at European Union Level The Migration Phenomenon in Romania Trend of the Remittance Flows Conclusions Annexes References Chapter 5: Remittances vs. FDI: An Open Debate Data Analysis Description of the Methodology and Econometric Model Results and Discussions Partial Conclusions References Chapter 6: Are Remittances a Real Promoter of Economic Growth in Origin Countries? Case Study: Romania vs. Republic of Moldova Literature Review Data and Methods Part I. Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances in Countries of Origin Part II. Microeconomic Impact of Remittances in Countries of Origin Partial Conclusions Annexes References Chapter 7: Social Effects of Migration and of Remittances from the Perspective of the Home Country and of the Host Country Social Basis of Migration The Social Impact of Migration and Remittances at the Level of the Country of Origin and Destination Effects at the Level of the Country of Destination Positive Macroeconomic Effects Balancing the Labour Market Reduction of State Expenditures on Social Assistance and Unemployment Benefits Investing Remittances in Education Investing Remittances in Raising Living Standards Positive Effects at Household and Individual Level Knowledge and Technology Transfer Increasing the Enrolment of Children in the Education System Poverty Reduction Negative Effects at the Macroeconomic Level The Aging of the Population and the Registration of the Demographic Deficit The Impossibility of Ensuring a High Level of Pensions Negative Effects at Household and Individual Level Encouraging Unemployment Changing the Composition and Roles within the Family Increasing the Dropout Rate Among Children from Migrant Families Abandonment of Children and of the Elderly The Loss of Values and Traditions Among the Second Generation of Migrants Effects at the Level of the Country of Destination Positive Macroeconomic Effects Reducing the Demographic Deficit and Balancing the Age Pyramid Contributes to Stimulating Innovation and Technological Progress The Emergence of New Services, Adapted to the Requirements of Migrants Positive Effects at Household and Individual Level Contributes to the Increase of the Country’s Cultural Diversity (Music, Theatre, Cinema, Sports, Literature, Cuisine) Exchange of Traditions and Customs with the Migrant Population Negative Effects at the Macroeconomic Level Increase Spending on Education for Migrants Attending State-Subsidized Schools Increasing Spending on Access to Health Services Increase State Spending on Providing Social Assistance to Unemployed Migrants Problems with the Availability and Distribution of Utilities as a Result of Changes in Geographical Distribution The Risk of Food Crises Due to Overcrowding in Urban Areas and the Reduction of the Rural Population Engaged in Agriculture Problems with Water Supply Negative Effects at Household and Individual Level The Appearance of Health Problems Increasing Crime Rate Migrants Tend to Import Their Culture The Emergence of Conflicts between Migrants and Natives Short Appreciations References Chapter 8: Migration Policies and Remittances, as a Support Factor for Development in the Origin Country The Migration Strategy Mobility and Migration Strategy at EU Level Global Approach to Migration and Mobility Strategic Orientations Starting with 2014 European Agenda for Migration A new Strategic Agenda 2019–2024 New Pact on Migration and Asylum Migration Strategy in Romania Policies on Migration and Remittance Dynamics, as a Support Factor for Development in the Origin Country Networking Organizations RePatriot BiD Network Mexican Talent Network Mentoring Organizations GlobalScot Armenia 2020 Training Organizations Programme Solidarité Eau IntEnt Investment Organizations Start-up Diaspora in Romania 1 × 1 Program in Mexico African Diaspora Marketplace Crowdfunding LelapaFund Government24 Instead of Conclusions References Chapter 9: COVID-19 Boomerang Effect on the Migration Policies of the Country of Origin Introduction Evolution of COVID-19 in Romania Phases of Infection with the New COVID-19 Virus in Romania Migration of Romanian Critical Workers During COVID-19 Conclusions Annexes References Chapter 10: Migrant Critical Workers During and After COVID-19 Pandemic Status of Migrants at EU Level The Impact of COVID-19 on the Mobility of Romanian Migrant Workers How Does COVID-19 Affect Labour Migration Patterns? Conclusions References Chapter 11: Conclusions