Youth Justice: A Canadian Overview

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Editors About the Contributors Preface Acknowledgements Part I: History, Trends, and Legislation 1: From “Misguided Children” to “Criminal Youth”: Exploring Historical and Contemporary Trends in Canadian Youth Justice Russell Smandych Overview Key Objectives Introduction The Development of Modern Juvenile Justice Systems Contemporary Trends in Youth Justice Law and Practice in Canada Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 2: Measuring Youth Crime in Canada: An Elusive Challenge John A. Winterdyk Overview Key Objectives Introduction Defining Youth Crime Measuring Delinquency: A Historical Overview Characteristics of Today’s Young Offenders—The Official Picture Measures of Youth Crime: The Unofficial Picture Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions Endnote References 3: Understanding the Youth Criminal Justice Act James Popham and Daniel Antonowicz Overview Key Objectives Introduction The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) Declared Principles of the YCJA Looking Forward: The YCJA in the Twenty-First Century Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 4: The Youth Justice System in Action Adrienne M.F. Peters and Raymond R. Corrado Overview Key Objectives Introduction Police Court The Role of Crown Counsel The Role of Defence Lawyers The Role of the Youth Court Judge The Role of Parents/Guardians The Role of Youth Probation Officers Sentencing Youth Corrections: Treatment Regimes in Open- and Closed-Custody Facilities Restorative Justice Challenges in Dealing with Youth Mental Health Issues in Youth Courts and Corrections The Use of Risk Assessment Tools in Youth Courts and Corrections Issues Related to Youth Records A Critical Examination of the Changing Youth Justice System Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References Part II: Understanding Contemporary Youth Crime and Justice: Theories and Perspectives 5: Critical Challenges in Hearing the Voice of Youth in the Youth Justice System Susan A. Reid and Sarah Gilliss Overview Key Objectives Introduction The Legal Regulation of Childhood and Adolescence Young Adults and the Criminal Justice System The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Developing Youth Policy with Youth Voice Challenges Faced by Youth with Highly Complex Needs Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 6: Youth Deviance and the Media: Mapping Knowledge and the Limits to Certainty Chris McCormick Overview Key Objectives Introduction The Official Version: Statistics on Youth Crime The Unofficial Version: Alternative Methods of Measuring Youth Crime Youth Crime in the Media An Example of the Media Analysis of Newspaper Articles on Youth Crimes Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 7: Canadian Girls and Crime in the Twenty-First Century Lorinda Stoneman, Mandeep Mucina, Thais Amorim, and Sibylle Artz Overview Key Objectives Introduction The Female Young Offender Patterns of Female Youth Crime and Canadian Justice System Responses Theories of Female Crime and Delinquency Promising Directions Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions Endnote References 8: Theoretical Perspectives on Youth Crime Stephen W. Baron Overview Key Objectives Introduction The General Theory of Crime: Self-Control General Strain Theory (GST) Control Balance Theory Differential Coercion Theory Situational Action Theory Age-Graded Theory of Social Control Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy of Offenders Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory Interactional Theory Coercion Theory Peacemaking Criminology Crime Pattern Theory Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 9: Critical Criminology and Youth Justice in the “Risk Society”: Issues of Power and Justice Bryan Hogeveen and Joanne Minaker Overview Key Objectives Introduction What Does It Mean to Be Critical? Why Is Critique Important? “Risk” and the “Risk Society”: The Social Construction of “Risk” Problematizing the “Risk Society”: Seeing Suffering and Attending with Care Intersections between Mental Health and Youth Justice Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) and Justice Michel Foucault (1926–1984) and Power Cultural Criminology Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References Part III: Criminalized Youth in Canada: Selected Types and Problems 10: Issues of Substance Use and Related Crime in Adolescence Jordan Diplock, Nick Pauls, and Gwendolyn Geuze Overview Key Objectives Introduction Substance Use among Canadian Youth Inherent Challenges of Measuring Adolescent Substance Use Reasons Youth Use Alcohol and Other Drugs Potential Negative Effects of Adolescent Substance Use Adolescent Substance Use and the Link to Criminal Behaviour Youth Involvement in Drug Crimes Adolescent Substance Use Prevention Substance Use Treatment for Young Offenders Treatment Best Practices with Young Offenders Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions Endnote References 11: Indigenous Youth Crime in Canada Hirsch Greenberg and Jana Grekul Overview Key Objectives Introduction Understanding the Complexities of Indigenous Youth Crime Understanding the Causes/Influences of Crime Investigating Indigenous Youth Gangs Attribution of Responsibility: The Youth Justice System Healing: A More Appropriate Alternative to Indigenous Youth Crime? Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions Endnote References 12: Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada Harpreet Aulakh and Julius Haag Overview Key Objectives Introduction Racialized Youth in Canada Public Perceptions of Racialized Youth Criminality Racialized Youth, Crime, and Gangs Understanding Ethnic Youth Gang Involvement Disproportionate Minority Contact Harassment and Racial Profiling Policing Domestic Radicalization and Terrorism Impacts of Racial Profiling Police Use of Force Procedural Justice and Youth Culturally Responsive Approaches Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 13: Street-Involved Youth in Canada Bruce MacLaurin and Catherine Worthington Overview Key Objectives Introduction Defining Street-Involved Youth versus Homeless Adults Typologies of Street-Involved Youth Numbers of Street-Involved Youth Perspectives on Street-Involved Youth Pathways to the Street—The Vulnerable Population Life on the Streets Risks Associated with Street Involvement Institutional Experiences of Street-Involved Youth Street Services and Intervention Strategies Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References 14: Youth Involvement in Systems of Sex Work and Strategies of Intervention Kelly Gorkoff, Anne Miller, Chloe Shepherd, and Courtenay Bolton Overview Key Objectives Introduction Painting a Picture—Commercialized Sexual Labour and Exploitation Life in the SET Regulatory Framework: How to Govern the SET? Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References Part IV: Keeping Young Persons out of the System: Exploring Progressive Approaches to Youth Crime and Justice 15: Keeping Youth Out of Jail: Quebec’s Experience Louis-Georges Cournoyer, Jacques Dionne, Michèle Goyette, Pierre Hamel, and Marie-Michèle Dumas Overview Key Objectives Introduction The Quebec Intervention Model for Young Offenders: The Right Measure at the Right Time The Evolution of Quebec’s Legislative Framework The Evolution of Interventions The Evolution of Criminological Research Today’s Services for Young Offenders Quebec’s Guidelines for Youth Offenders’ Rehabilitation Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions Endnote References 16: Juvenile Justice and Restorative Justice in British Columbia: Learning through the Lens of Community Praxis Brenda Morrison, Muhammad (Asad) Asadullah, and Colleen Pawlychka Overview Key Objectives Introduction Changing Lenses: “Crime” and “Reparation” Juvenile Justice Legislation: From Social Control to “Off Ramps” The Development of Restorative Justice in BC: The Intersection of Three Practices British Columbia’s Justice Reforms State and Community Collaboration: The Importance of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) Justice Reform: Responding and Engaging with Communities in Criminal Justice Summary Key Terms Review Questions Critical Thinking Questions References Statutes Cited Glossary Index