Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis

Description

Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis presents the current state-of-art in nanosensors for biological and environmental analysis, also covering commercial aspects. Broadly, the book provides detailed information on the emergence of different types of nanomaterials as transduction platforms used in the development of nanosensors. These include carbon nanotubes, graphene, 2-D transition metal dichalcogenides, conducting polymers and metal organic frameworks. Additional topics include sections on the way nanosensors have inspired new product development in various types of biological and environmental applications that are currently available and on the horizon. Front Cover Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis Copyright List of Contributors Preface Contents 1 - Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for the Development of Sensitive Nanosensor Platforms INTRODUCTION CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS FOR NANOSENSOR DEVELOPMENT Fabrication of Sensing Platforms Surface Functionalization of Nanocarbon Electrodes APPLICATIONS OF NANOCARBON ELECTRODES FOR SENSING OF DIFFERENT ANALYTES Detection of Heavy Metal Ions Detection of Food Additives and Pesticide Residues Detection of Bacterial Pathogens or Viruses Detection of Gas Molecules Detection of Organic Molecules CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 2 - Advances in the Synthesis andDevelopment of Two-DimensionalTransition-Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanosensor Platforms INTRODUCTION STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES Molybdenum-Based Two-Dimensional Dichalcogenides Tungsten-Based Two-Dimensional Dichalcogenides SYNTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES Exfoliation Electrochemical Methods Bottom-Up Methods Chemical vapor deposition Wet chemical method BIOSENSING APPLICATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES: MATERIAL PREPROCESSING Bioconjugation of Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides APPLICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NANOSENSORS Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Diselenide (MoSe2) Two-Dimensional Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) Two-Dimensional Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 3 - Conducting Polymers and Metal-Organic Frameworks as Advanced Materials for Development of Nanosensors INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTING POLYMERS COMMON CLASSES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSTRUCTURED CONDUCTING POLYMERS Template-Assisted Synthetic Route Hard templates Soft templates Template-Free Synthetic Route SENSOR APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOSTRUCTURES Conducting Polymer–Based Electrochemical Chemosensors Conducting polymer–metal nanoparticle composites Conducting polymer–carbon nanocomposites Conducting polymer–metal oxide composites Conducting polymer–metal-organic framework composites Conducting Polymer–Based Electrochemical Biosensors METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS Synthesis and Properties of Metal-Organic Frameworks Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks in the Development of Nanosensors for Environmental and Biological Analysis Metal-organic framework–based optical sensors Sensing of cations and anions Sensing of nitroaromatics Sensing of solvent molecules Sensing of biomolecules Metal-organic framework–based mechanical sensors Quartz crystal microbalance sensors Quartz crystal microbalance sensors Microcantilever-based biosensors Microcantilever-based biosensors Metal-organic framework–based electrochemical sensors Potentiometric sensors Amperometric biosensors Impedimetric sensors CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES FURTHER READING 4 - Synthesis and Production of Different Biomolecules for Application in the Sensing of Environmental Pollutants INTRODUCTION CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES USED FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ENZYMES AND THEIR PRODUCTION FOR APPLICATION IN SENSING DEVICES NUCLEIC ACID BIOSENSORS FOR SPECIFIC DETECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS Utility of Genosensors and Aptasensors in Monitoring Environmental Pollutants CELLS AND CELLULAR ORGANELLES AS BIORECOGNITION MODULES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING How can Cells Be Used as Biosensors? Switch-on or switch-off system Use of reporter genes Microbes as Biosensors SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES AS DETECTOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS Antibodies for Detection of Environmental Pollutants CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 5 - Bioconjugation of Different Nanosurfaces With Biorecognition Molecules for the Development of Selective Nanosen ... INTRODUCTION NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IN NANOSENSORS Metallic Nanostructures Quantum Dots Carbon Nanostructures Other Two-Dimensional Materials CONJUGATION PROTOCOLS TO INTERFACE NANOSURFACES WITH BIOMOLECULES (ANTIBODIES/APTAMERS/NUCLEIC ACIDS) Carbodiimide Conjugation (Carboxyl and Amine Cross-Linking) Maleimide Conjugation (Sulfhydryl Cross-Linking) Glutaraldehyde-Based Bifunctional Cross-Linking Carbonyls (Aldehydes) as Cross-Linking Targets (Periodate Chemistry) Hydrophobic or Physical Attachment CONJUGATION PROTOCOLS TO IMMOBILIZE ENZYMES OVER NANOSURFACES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 6 - Development of Disposable Sensor Strips for Point-of-Care Testing of Environmental Pollutants INTRODUCTION IMMUNOASSAY-BASED TECHNIQUES Lateral Flow Assay Principle of lateral flow immunoassay Antibody-based lateral flow assay Sandwich lateral flow assay Competitive lateral flow assay Surface-enhanced Raman scattering–based lateral flow immunoassay Nucleic acid–based lateral flow analysis Aptamer-based lateral flow assays CHEMICAL COLORIMETRIC TECHNIQUES Enzyme-Based Colorimetric Techniques BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE–BASED PORTABLE SENSORS ADVANTAGES OF PORTABLE SENSORS LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF PORTABLE SENSORS CONCLUSION LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 7 - Advantages and Limitations of Environmental Nanosensors INTRODUCTION ADVANTAGES OF NANOSENSORS Response Time Detection Limit Portability Sensitivity/Resolution Selectivity LIMITATIONS OF NANOSENSORS Price/Cost Sample Preparation Lack of Self-Standardization and Validation With Real Samples Potential Concerns of Nanotoxicity CONCLUSION REFERENCES 8 - Commercial Aspects of Biosensors for Diagnostics and Environmental Monitoring INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS OF SENSING SYSTEMS AND DEVICE COST Sample Preprocessing Reagent Loading or Immobilization and Reagent Cost Sensors and Peripheral Hardware User Interface Cost of the Field Trials Before Getting Regulatory Approval TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT BIOSENSING PLATFORMS AND CURRENT MARKET CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V W Back Cover