Oil & Gas Produced Water Management

Description

null Acknowledgments Introduction Produced Water Origins of Produced Water Quantity of Produced Water Produced Water Characteristics Produced Water Regulations Regulations in the United States International Regulations Produced Water Management and Disposal Options Produced Water Management and Disposal Paradigms Produced Water Re-Use and Recycle Options Beneficial Reuse: Livestock Beneficial Reuse: Irrigation Industrial Reuse Produced Water Treatment Fundamentals Primary and Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Advanced Treatment Basis for Selecting Produced Water Treatment Equipment Complexities During Produced Water Treatment Complications Due to the Petroleum Chemistry Complications Due to Water Chemistry Produced Water Treatment Process Equipment Gravity Separators Accelerated-Gravity Separators Hydrocyclones Centrifuges Flotation-Based Processes Induced Gas or Static Flotation (IGF/ISF) Dissolved Gas Flotation (DGF) Media Filtration Coalescers Media Filtration Activated Carbon (AC) Organoclays Zeolites Ion Exchange Chemical Processes Chemical Softening Precipitation Oxidation Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) Thermal Processes Thermal Evaporation Falling Film, and Mechanical Vapor Compression Evaporators Freeze-Thaw Evaporation (FTE) Membrane Separation Processes Polymeric MF/UF Membranes Ceramic MF/UF Membranes Nanofiltration (NF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Forward Osmosis (FO) Electrodialysis (ED)/ED Reversal (EDR)/Electrodionization (EDI) Membrane Distillation Biological Processes Activated Sludge Reactors (ASRs) Biological Aerated Filters (BAFs) Engineered Wetlands Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) Produced Water Treatment by Production Type Onshore Conventional Oil Case Study: San Ardo Oil Field Onshore Conventional Gas Offshore Conventional Oil & Gas Shale Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Enhanced Oil Recovery Oil Sands Concluding Remarks Bibliography Authors' Biographies Blank Page