Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

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Cleaned hardbook version with fixed bookmarks. Contents......Page 2 II. STRUCTURE......Page 4 III. ACIDIC AND BASIC PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS......Page 9 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 13 Study Questions......Page 15 II. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS......Page 16 III. SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS......Page 19 IV. TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS......Page 21 V. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS......Page 23 VI. PROTEIN MISFOLDING......Page 24 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 25 Study Questions......Page 27 II. GLOBULAR HEMEPROTEINS......Page 28 III. ORGANIZATION OF THE GLOBIN GENES......Page 37 IV. HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES......Page 38 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 42 Study Questions......Page 43 II. COLLAGEN......Page 46 III. ELASTIN......Page 52 Study Questions......Page 55 II. NOMENCLATURE......Page 56 III. PROPERTIES......Page 57 IV. HOW ENZYMES WORK......Page 58 V. FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION VELOCITY......Page 59 VI. MICHAELIS-MENTEN KINETICS......Page 61 VII. INHIBITION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY......Page 63 VIII. REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY......Page 65 IX. ENZYMES IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 67 X. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 69 Study Questions......Page 71 II. FREE ENERGY......Page 72 III. FREE ENERGY CHANGE......Page 73 IV. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE AS AN ENERGY CARRIER......Page 75 V. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN......Page 76 VI. PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP TO ATP......Page 80 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 83 Study Questions......Page 85 II. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE......Page 86 III. DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES......Page 89 IV. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 91 Study Questions......Page 93 I. INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM......Page 94 II. REGULATION OF METABOLISM......Page 96 IV. TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS......Page 99 V. REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS......Page 100 VI. HORMONAL REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS......Page 107 VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 108 Study Questions......Page 111 II. REACTIONS OF THE CYCLE......Page 112 III. ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE CYCLE......Page 116 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 117 Study Questions......Page 119 II. SUBSTRATES FOR GLUCONEOGENESIS......Page 120 III. REACTIONS UNIQUE TO GLUCONEOGENESIS......Page 121 IV. REGULATION OF GLUCONEOGENESIS......Page 124 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 126 Study Questions......Page 127 II. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GLYCOGEN......Page 128 III. SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN (GLYCOGENESIS )......Page 129 IV. DEGRADATION OF GLYCOGEN (GLYCOGENOLYSIS)......Page 131 V. REGULATION OF GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS......Page 134 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 137 Study Questions......Page 139 II. FRUCTOSE METABOLISM......Page 140 III. GALACTOSE METABOLISM......Page 143 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 145 Study Questions......Page 147 II. IRREVERSIBLE OXIDATIVE REACTIONS......Page 148 IV. USES OF NADPH......Page 150 V. GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY......Page 155 VI. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 157 Study Questions......Page 158 II. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS......Page 160 III. SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS......Page 161 IV. DEGRADATION OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS......Page 165 V. MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES......Page 166 VII. OLIGOSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE......Page 168 VIII. SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOPROTEINS......Page 169 X. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 173 Study Questions......Page 175 II. DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, SECRETION, AND UTILIZATION OF DIETARY LIPIDS......Page 176 Study Questions......Page 183 II. STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACIDS......Page 184 III. DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS......Page 186 IV. MOBILIZATION OF STORED FATS AND OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS......Page 192 V. KETONE BODIES: AN ALTERNATE FUEL FOR CELLS......Page 198 Study Questions......Page 201 II. STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS......Page 204 III. PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS......Page 206 IV. DEGRADATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS......Page 210 V. OVERVIEW OF GLYCOLIPIDS......Page 211 VI. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS......Page 212 VII. SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS......Page 213 VIII. EICOSANOIDS: PROSTAGLANDINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS......Page 216 IX. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 219 Study Questions......Page 221 II. STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL......Page 222 III. SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL......Page 223 V. BILE ACIDS AND BILE SALTS......Page 227 VI. PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS......Page 229 VII. STEROID HORMONES......Page 240 VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 243 Study Questions......Page 245 II. OVERALL NITROGEN METABOLISM......Page 248 III. DIGESTION OF DIETARY PROTEINS......Page 250 IV. TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS......Page 252 V. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN FROM AMINO ACIDS......Page 253 VI. UREA CYCLE......Page 256 VII. METABOLISM OF AMMONIA......Page 259 VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 261 Study Questions......Page 263 II. GLUCOGENIC AND KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS......Page 264 III. CATABOLISM OF THE CARBON SKELETONS OF AMINO ACIDS......Page 265 V. BIOSYNTHESIS OF NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS......Page 270 VI. METABOLIC DEFECTS IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM......Page 273 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 277 Study Questions......Page 279 II. PORPHYRIN METABOLISM......Page 280 III. OTHER NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS......Page 288 IV. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 291 Study Questions......Page 293 II. NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE......Page 294 III. SYNTHESIS OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES......Page 295 IV. SYNTHESIS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES......Page 300 V. DEGRADATION OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES......Page 301 VI. PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION......Page 305 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 307 Study Questions......Page 309 II. INSULIN......Page 310 III. GLUCAGON......Page 316 IV. HYPOGLYCEMIA......Page 318 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 321 Study Questions......Page 323 II. ENZYMIC CHANGES IN THE ABSORPTIVE STATE......Page 324 III. LIVER: NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION CENTER......Page 325 IV. ADIPOSE TISSUE: ENERGY STORAGE DEPOT......Page 328 V. RESTING SKELETAL MUSCLE......Page 329 VII. OVERVIEW OF FASTING......Page 330 VIII. LIVER IN FASTING......Page 332 X. RESTING SKELETAL MUSCLE IN FASTING......Page 334 XI. BRAIN IN FASTING......Page 335 XIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 336 Study Questions......Page 339 I. OVERVIEW OF DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 340 II. TYPE 1 DIABETES......Page 341 III. TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 344 IV. CHRONIC EFFECTS AND PREVENTION OF DIABETES......Page 347 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 349 Study Questions......Page 351 II. ASSESSMENT OF OBESITY......Page 352 III. BODY WEIGHT REGULATION......Page 354 IV. MOLECULES THAT INFLUENCE OBESITY......Page 355 V. METABOLIC CHANGES IN OBESITY......Page 356 VII. WEIGHT REDUCTION......Page 357 Study Questions......Page 359 II. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES......Page 360 III. ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN HUMANS......Page 361 V. DIETARY FATS......Page 363 VI. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES......Page 367 VII. DIETARY PROTEIN......Page 369 Study Questions......Page 373 I. OVERVIEW......Page 376 II. FOLIC ACID......Page 377 III. COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12)......Page 378 IV. ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)......Page 380 VI. THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)......Page 381 VII. NIACIN......Page 382 XI. VITAMIN A......Page 384 XII. VITAMIN D......Page 389 XIII. VITAMIN K......Page 392 XIV. VITAMIN E......Page 394 XV. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 395 Study Questions......Page 397 I. OVERVIEW......Page 398 II. STRUCTURE OF DNA......Page 399 III. STEPS IN PROKARYOTIC DNA SYNTHESIS......Page 402 IV. EUKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION......Page 409 V. ORGANIZATION OF EUKARYOTIC DNA......Page 412 VI. DNA REPAIR......Page 413 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 416 Study Questions......Page 419 II. STRUCTURE OF RNA......Page 420 III. TRANSCRIPTION OF PROKARYOTIC GENES......Page 422 IV. TRANSCRIPTION OF EUKARYOTIC GENES......Page 425 V. POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION OF RNA......Page 427 VI. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 430 Study Questions......Page 433 II. THE GENETIC CODE......Page 434 III. COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION......Page 437 IV. CODON RECOGNITION BY TRANSFER RNA......Page 440 V. STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS......Page 441 VI. CO- AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS......Page 446 VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 448 Study Questions......Page 450 II. REGULATORY SEQUENCES AND MOLECULES......Page 452 III. REGULATION OF PROKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION......Page 453 IV. REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION......Page 457 Study Questions......Page 465 II. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES......Page 468 III. DNA CLONING......Page 470 IV. PROBES......Page 473 VI. RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM......Page 476 VII. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION......Page 482 VIII. ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION......Page 486 IX. GENE THERAPY......Page 488 XI. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 489 Study Questions......Page 490 I. INTEGRATIVE CASES......Page 492 II. INTEGRATIVE CASE ANSWERS......Page 500 III. FOCUSED CASES......Page 508 IV. FOCUSED CASES: ANSWERS TO CASE-BASED QUESTIONS......Page 516 A......Page 525 B......Page 528 C......Page 529 D......Page 531 E......Page 533 F......Page 534 G......Page 536 H......Page 539 I......Page 540 K......Page 541 L......Page 542 M......Page 543 N......Page 544 O......Page 545 P......Page 546 R......Page 550 S......Page 551 T......Page 552 V......Page 554 Z......Page 555 II. FIBRIN MESHWORK FORMATION......Page 556 III. LIMITING CLOTTING......Page 562 IV. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION......Page 564 V. CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 568 Study Questions......Page 569