Ecological and Economic Entomology: A Global Synthesis

Description

Ecological and Economic Entomology is a comprehensive advanced text covering all aspects of the role of insects in natural ecosystems and their impacts on human activity. The book is divided into two sections. The first section begins with an outline of the structure, classification and importance of insects, followed by the geographical aspects of plant distribution and the complex defenses plants marshal against herbivorous insects. Insect pests affecting plant roots, stem, leaf, and reproductive systems are covered in a comprehensive review. This section also covers insects that are important in medical and veterinary science, paying particular attention to those that transmit pathogens. The section concludes with the beneficial aspects of insects, especially their use in biological control, but also as soil formers and their importance in forensic science. Autecology (or single-species ecology) and its application to pest management is the focus of the second section of the book. Firstly, some general aspects of autecology are examined, including species abundance, competition and speciation, and relevant genetics. The classic general theories of insect population dynamics are reviewed, followed by chapters on life tables, time series analysis and mathematical models in insect populations. The final chapter reviews the application of autecology to the insect pests of forests, farms and orchards and to the control of insect vectors of diseases of humans and livestock. Particular attention is paid to environmentally friendly methods of pest management and the application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. This volume is essential reading for professional entomologists and advanced students of agricultural, medical and veterinary entomology, insect ecology and conservation. Cover Ecological and Economic Entomology: A Global Synthesis Copyright Contents 1 General Introduction 1.1 The Importance of Insects 1.2 Insect Size 1.3 Insect Taxonomy in Relation to Physiology and Ecology 1.4 Learning Insect Classification 1.4.1 Adult insects 1.4.2 Eggs and juvenile insects 1.4.3 Phenotypic plasticity and polymorphism 1.4.4 Some further notes on insect classification 1.5 The Function of Insect Stages 1.6 Insects as Vectors and Pollinators 1.7 A Note for Students of Pest Insects 2 An Introduction to Plant Pests 2.1 Classifying the Material 2.2 Physical Drivers and the Global Distribution of Plant Associations 2.2.1 General introduction 2.2.2 Physical determinants of vegetational distribution 2.2.2.1 The global picture 2.2.2.2 Some local, mainly constant, effects 2.2.3 The plant associations 2.2.3.1 General introduction 2.2.3.2 Plant associations from the tropics to the tundra 2.3 Classifying Plant Pests 2.3.1 General introduction 2.3.2 An ecological classification of plant pests 2.3.2.1 Pests of roots, tubers and sown seed 2.3.2.2 Pests of stems 2.3.2.3 Pests of leaves 2.3.2.4 Pests of flowers, fruits and stored products 2.4 Herbivorous Insects and Plant Defences: An Introduction 2.4.1 Insect groups and the plants they eat: Co-evolution or not? 2.4.2 Physical and chemical defences 2.5 Some Final Points 3 The Pests of Roots, Tubers and Sown Seed 3.1 General Introduction 3.2 Biting Pests 3.2.1 Generalized or polyphagous feeders 3.2.1.1 Exopterygota 3.2.1.2 Endopterygota 3.2.2 Specialized or oligophagous feeders 3.3 Sucking Pests 3.3.1 General introduction 3.3.2 AUCHENORRHYNCHA; Cercopidae, Cicadidae 3.3.3 STERNORRHYNCHA; Aphidoidea; Aphididae 4 The Pests of Plant Stems 4.1 General Introduction 4.2 Biting Pests of Woody Stems 4.2.1.1 Exopterygota 4.2.1.2 Endopterygota 4.3 Sucking Pests of Woody Stems 4.4 Biting Pests of Soft and Cereal Stems 4.5 Sucking Pests of Soft and Cereal Stems 5 The Pests of Leaves 5.1 General Introduction 5.2 Biting Pests 5.2.1 Munchers 5.2.1.1 Exopterygota: Generalist feeders 5.2.1.2 Endopterygota: Monophagous, oligophagous and polyphagous feeders (Section 2.4.1) 5.2.1.3 5.2.2 Miners 5.3 Sucking Pests 5.3.1 General introduction 5.3.1.2 Homopteroids 6 The Insect Pests of Flowers and Fruits 6.1 General Introduction 6.2 Pests of Flowers 6.2.1 Biting pests 6.2.1.1 Exopterygota 6.2.1.2 Endopterygota 6.2.2 Sucking pests 6.3 Pests of Fruits and Seeds 6.3.1 Biting pests 6.3.1.1 Field and orchard pests 6.3.1.2 Pests, mainly beetles, of grain, flour, dried fruit and other stored products 6.3.2 Sucking pests 7 Medical and Veterinary Pests 7.1 General Introduction 7.1.1 A classification of insect pests of people and domesticated animals 7.1.1.1 Ectoparasites 7.1.1.2 Micropredators 7.1.1.3 Flies causing myiasis 7.1.1.4. Some additional points 7.2 Ectoparasites 7.2.1 Exopterygota 7.2.2 Endopterygota 7.3 Micropredators 7.3.1 Exopterygota: Hemipteran micropredators 7.3.2 Endopterygota 7.3.2.1 General introduction 7.3.2.2 Diptera: General 7.3.2.3 Dipteran mouthparts 7.3.2.4 Dipteran micropredators 7.4 Myiasis 7.4.1 Obligate myiasis 7.4.2 Facultative myiasis 8 Beneficial Insects 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Insects in Ecological Processes 8.2.1 Pollinators and protectors: Trends in co-evolution? 8.2.1.1 Pollinators 8.2.1.2 Seed dispersal and protection 8.2.2 Entomophagous insects 8.2.2.1 General introduction 8.2.2.2 Predators 8.2.2.3 Exopterygote predators 8.2.2.4 Endopterygote predators 8.2.2.5 Parasitoids 8.2.2.6 Non-insect predators of insects 8.2.3 Insects in the control of weeds 8.2.4 Insects as decomposers and soil formers 8.3 Insects (Excluding Harmful Ones) and People 8.3.1 Forensic entomology 8.3.2 Insect products 8.3.3 Insects as human food 8.3.4 Insects in science and medicine 8.3.5 Aesthetic value 9 The Principles of Insect Autecology 1: Some Key Concepts 9.1 The Types of Ecology, Life-History Strategy and Genetic Influences 9.2 What are the Questions in Autecology? 9.3 Abundance, Numbers, Population Density and the Number/Density Anomaly 9.4 The Species-Abundance Distribution (SAD) 9.5 The Patch, Habitat, Population and Redistribution 9.6 The Population and the Individual 9.7 Den Boer’s Concept of Risk Spreading 9.8 Resources and Mates in Relation to Competition 9.9 Refuges and Danger Zones (Malentities, Hazards) 9.10 Species and Speciation in Relation to Autecology 10 The Principles of Insect Autecology 2: Innate Attributes and Environmental Factors 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Environmental factors: Physical 10.1.2 Environmental factors: Biotic 10.2 A Survey of the Interactions 10.2.1 General introduction 10.2.2 Development and growth 10.2.2.1 General introduction 10.2.2.2 Growth: Physical factors: Temperature and insolation 10.2.2.3 Growth: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture 10.2.2.4 Growth: Biotic factors: Conspecific organisms and population density 10.2.2.5 Growth: Biotic factors: Food 10.2.2.6 Growth: Biotic factors: Other organisms: Symbionts 10.2.3 Survival and diapause 10.2.3.1 General introduction 10.2.3.2 Survival: Physical factors: General 10.2.3.3 survival: Physical factors: Temperature 10.2.3.4 survival: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture 10.2.3.5 Survival: Physical factors: Light 10.2.3.6 Survival: Physical factors: Mechanical factors 10.2.3.7 Survival: Biotic factors: population density 10.2.3.8 Survival: Biotic factors: Food 10.2.3.9 Survival: Biotic factors: Enemies 10.2.3.10 Survival: Biotic factors: Other organisms: Interspecific competition and predation 10.2.4 Movement: Redistribution, resource seeking and escape 10.2.4.1 General introduction 10.2.4.2 Movement: Physical factors: Temperature and insolation 10.2.4.3 Movement: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture 10.2.4.4 Movement: Physical factors: Light and colour 10.2.4.5 Movement: Physical factors: Mechanical factors 10.2.4.6 Movement: Biotic factors: Population density 10.2.4.7 Movement: Biotic factors: Food 10.2.4.8 Movement: Biotic factors: Enemies 10.2.5 Reproduction, particularly fertility and fecundity 10.2.5.1 General introduction 10.2.5.2 Reproduction: Biotic factors: Food 10.2.5.3 Reproduction: Physical factors: Temperature and insolation 10.2.5.4 Reproduction: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture 10.2.5.5 Reproduction: Physical factors: Light 10.2.5.6 Reproduction: Biotic factors: Conspecific organisms and population density 10.2.5.7 Reproduction: Biotic factors: Other organisms: Enemies 10.2.5.8 A summary of density effects 10.3 Conclusions 11 The Dynamics of Insect Numbers 1: History, Classical Theories, Time Series, Life Tables, Models 11.1 A Brief History of Population Dynamics and Evolution 11.1.1 General introduction 11.1.2 Historical perspective 11.2 Classical Theories of the Control of Animal Numbers 11.2.1 General introduction 11.2.2 Extrinsic theories 11.2.2.1 W.R. Thompson ( 1929, 1939, 1956) 11.2.2.2 A.J. Nicholson ( 1933, 1954, 1958, 1959), A.J. Nicholson and V.A. Bailey (1935) 11.2.2.3 H.G. Andrewartha and L.C. Birch (1954, 1984), Andrewartha ( 1970) 11.2.2.4 A. Milne (1957a and b, 1961, 1962) 11.2.2.5 T.R.E. Southwood and H.N. Comins (1976), Southwood ( 1977, 1988) 11.2.3 Intrinsic theories 1: Basic effects of individual variation 11.2.3.1 Intrinsic theories 2: Further effects of individual variation 11.3 Empirical Time-Series Data 11.3.1 The numbers of lepidoptera 11.3.2 Mainly the numbers of other insects 11.4 Life Tables: Value, Construction, Analyses and Limitations 11.4.1 General 11.4.2 Construction 11.4.3 Analysis 11.4.4 Results: What do life tables tell us about population dynamics? 11.4.4.1 General introduction 11.4.4.2 Temporal and spatial density dependence in empirical data 11.4.4.3 Metapopulations and cyclic budgets 11.5 Mathematical Models of Population Processes 11.5.1 General introduction 11.5.2 Time-series models: Aspatial effects 11.5.2.1 Single species: Population growth (including intraspecific competition) 11.5.2.2 Two species: Interspecific competition (Sections 9.8 and 10.2.3.10) 11.5.2.3 Two species: Predation models 11.5.3 Models including space: Populations in patches 12 The Dynamics of Insect Numbers 2: Pattern and Process 12.1 General Introduction 12.2 Pattern: The Levels of Environmental Space 12.2.1 General introduction 12.2.2 Habitat structure 12.2.3 Patches in time and how they vary 12.2.3.1 Type one : Persistent patches 12.2.3.2 Type two: Ephemeral patches 12.2.3.3 Type three: Patches that vary in size 12.2.3.4 Type four: Heterogeneous patches 12.2.4 Patches in space 12.2.4.1 Patches and habitats 12.2.4.2 Multiple types of patch in the same habitat 12.2.4.3 The ‘same’ patch considered in different habitats 12.2.5 Multiple habitats, single and multiple patches 12.2.6 The persistence of habitats 12.3 Process: The Dynamics of Insect Numbers 12.3.1 General introduction 12.3.2 Population units: Insect numbers within patches 12.3.2.1 General introduction 12.3.2.2 Positive processes 12.3.2.3 Negative factors 12.3.3 Populations: Insect numbers within habitats 12.3.3.1 General introduction 12.3.3.2 Populations and boundedness 12.3.4 Insect numbers: Global dynamics 12.3.4.1 General introduction 12.3.4.2 Range limitation and the population edge 12.3.4.3 The population edge and a warming climate 12.3.4.4 Dynamics away from the edge: The big picture 12.4 Evolutionary Themes in Insect Population Dynamics 12.5 Population Dynamics and Integrated Pest Management 13 Applied Ecology and Methods of Control 13.1 The General Ecology of Pest Insects 13.1.1 General introduction 13.1.2 Four ecological topics relating directly to pest control 13.1.2.1 Population structure: Univoltinism, multivoltinism and risk spreading 13.1.2.2 Reservoir populations, redistribution and their effects on control methods 13.1.2.3 Commonness, rarity and pest status 13.1.2.4 Climatic change and the status of pests 13.1.3 A brief history of insect control: Arsenic to integrated pest management 13.2 Methods of Pest Control 13.2.1 General: The individual and the environment 13.2.2 Individual methods 13.2.2.1 Sterile male technique 13.2.2.2 Employing selfish genetic elements 13.2.3 Environmental methods: Chemical and physical 13.2.3.1 General introduction 13.2.3.2 Organic pesticides in the arsenal 13.2.3.3 Formulation and application: How to deliver 13.2.3.4 Insect resistance to insecticides 13.2.3.5 Largely physical and mechanical methods 13.2.4 Environmental methods: Biological 13.2.4.1 General introduction 13.2.4.2 Bottom-up: Resistant crop varieties, including those produced by genetic engineering 13.2.4.3 Bottom-up: Resistance in man and livestock 13.2.4.4 Bottom-up: Alternative food, trap crops and intercropping 13.2.4.5 Top-down: Microbial agents 13.2.4.6 Top-down: Classical biological control 13.2.4.7 Top-down: Augmentation of natural enemies and CBC 13.3 Integrated Pest Management 13.3.1 General introduction 13.3.2 IPM in field ecosystems 13.3.2.1 General introduction 13.3.2.2 The agricultural scale: Wheat and rice: Commonalities and contrasts 13.3.2.3 The agricultural scale: Cotton 13.3.2.4 The horticultural scale: Brassicas 13.3.3 IPM in orchard ecosystems 13.3.3.1 General introduction 13.3.3.2 Apples 13.3.4 IPM in forest ecosystems 13.3.4.1 General introduction 13.3.4.2 North American conifers 13.3.5 Difficulties with IPM and the potential for its improvement 13.4 Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13.4.1 Medical entomology 13.4.2 Veterinary entomology 13.5 The Economics of Pest Control 13.5.1 Tropical situations 13.5.2 Temperate situations Glossary References Index Back Cover