Advances in Energy and Combustion: Safety and sustainability

Description

This book provides state-of-the-art advances in several areas of importance in energy, combustion, power, propulsion, environment using fossil fuels and alternative fuels, and biofuels production and utilization. Availability of clean and sustainable energy is of greater importance now than ever before in all sectors of energy, power, mobility and propulsion. Written by internationally renowned experts, the latest fundamental and applied research innovations on cleaner energy production as well as utilization for a wide range of devices extending from micro scale energy conversion to hypersonic propulsion using hydrocarbon fuels are provided. The tailored technical tracks and contributions from the world renowned technical experts are portrayed in the respective field to highlight different but complementary views on fuels, combustion, power and propulsion and air toxins with special focus on current and future R&D needs and activities. The energy and environment sustainability require a multi-pronged approach involving development and utilization of new and renewable fuels, design of fuel-flexible combustion systems that can be easily operated with the new fuels, and develop novel and environmentally friendly technologies for improved utilization of all kinds of gas, liquid and solid fuels. This volume is a useful book for practicing engineers, research engineers and managers in industry and research labs, academic institutions, graduate students, and final year undergraduate students in Mechanical, Chemical, Aerospace, Energy and Environmental Engineering. Preface Introduction Contents About the Editors Propulsion Systems Injector Dynamics and Pressure Gain in Rotating Detonation Engines 1 Background 2 A Rotating Detonation Engine 2.1 Modeling Detonation Engines 3 Effect of Area Ratio 4 Impact of Slot Injectors 5 Impact of Cylindrical Injectors 6 Impact of Pintel Injectors 7 Performance and Stability 8 Concluding Remarks References Low Emissions Propulsion Engine Characterization Process 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of CF6-80C2 Combustors’ Emissions 3 LTO Emissions of Selected Propulsion Engines 4 Landing Takeoff NOx Characteristics 5 Rich-Dome Combustors’ NOx Assessment 6 High- and Low-Power Tradeoffs for Rich and Lean Domes 7 Comparative Evaluation of Lean Domes’ Products 8 Engine Emissions Data Reduction and Analysis DRA 9 TAPS Technology NOx Emissions Potentials 10 Summary References Aerodynamic and Aero-Acoustic Performance of an Adjustable Pitch Axial Flow Fan 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup and Instrumentation 3 Methodology 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References Proposed Thrust Profile Design of Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) for Aerospace Applications 1 Introduction 2 The Setup 3 Sensor Networking 4 The Engine 5 The Ignition System Hardware 6 Automated Multicycle ICS Software 6.1 Firing Control Software 6.2 DAQ Analog Input/output Software Module 6.3 MATLAB-Based Analysis Utility 7 Conversion of Single Shot ICS to Multitube and Multicycle ICS 8 EAV Configurations with Pulse Detonation Engine Option 9 Thrust Analysis of EAV Propulsion 10 Staggered Firing Techniques 11 Conclusion and Scope for Future Work 12 Future Works Includes References Fuels The Formation of PAH Compounds from the Combustion of Biofuels 1 Introduction 2 The Formation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) from Hydrocarbons 3 The Formation of PAH from Biomass 4 OXY-PAH (Designated Here as O-PAH) 4.1 O-PAH Sources 5 Toxicity of PAH and O-PAH Compounds 5.1 Control of PAH and O-PAH Emissions 6 Conclusions References Review of Biomass Energy Resources with Livestock Manure 1 Introduction 1.1 Pyrolysis Process 1.2 Gasification 1.3 Co-pyrolysis and Co-gasification 2 Experimental Setup and Procedures 3 Operation Conditions 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Pyrolysis of Chicken Manure 4.2 Pyrolysis of Cow Manure 4.3 Pyrolysis of Rice Husk 4.4 Gasification of Chicken Manure 4.5 Co-pyrolysis 5 Conclusions References Higher Alcohols as Diesel Engine Fuel 1 Introduction 2 Comparison of Higher and Lower Alcohols 3 Production of Higher Alcohols 4 Use of Higher Alcohols as a CI Engine Fuel 4.1 Application of Butanol in CI Engine 4.2 Application of Pentanol in CI Engine 4.3 Application of Hexanol in CI Engine 4.4 Application of Octanol in CI Engine 5 Conclusion References Photocatalytic Hydrogen from Water Over Semiconductors 1 Introduction 2 Different Type of Junction Used in Photocatalysis 3 Why Semiconductor in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 4 Facile Developments of Photocatalyst for Water Splitting 5 Conclusion References Flames and Reacting Systems Evaluation of Hazard Correlations for Hydrogen-Rich Fuels Using Stretched Transient Flames 1 Introduction 2 Extraction of Stretch Related Parameters 3 A Lagrangian Calculation Method for Transient Laminar Flames 4 Results for Methane–Air and Propane–Air Mixtures 5 Impact of the Rate of Strain on Transient Flame Structures 6 Minimum Ignition Energies and Quenching Distances 7 Evaluation of Uncertainties 8 Conclusions References Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Flow/Flame Structure of Double Swirler Burner 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Swirl-Stabilized Burner Unit 2.2 2D-Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 2.3 Chemiluminescence Imaging 2.4 Operating Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Velocity Measurements of Non-reacting Turbulent Flow Using 2D-PIV 3.2 OH*/CH* Chemiluminescence Study of LPG Flames 4 Conclusion References Flame Root Dynamics and Their Role in the Stabilisation of Lifted Flames 1 Introduction 2 Turbulent Reacting Flow Modelling 2.1 Large Eddy Simulation 2.2 Combustion Modelling 3 Non-swirling Jet Flames 3.1 Effects of Inlet Conditions 3.2 Flame Stabilisation 4 Gas Turbine Combustors 4.1 Model Combustor 4.2 Industrial Burners 5 Conclusions References Effect of Oxygenation on the Liftoff, Stabilization, and Blowout Characteristics of Laminar Co-flow Jet Flames 1 Introduction 2 Computational Model 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Validation of Computational Model 3.2 Effects of Oxygenation and Dilution on the Flame Structure 3.3 Effect of Dilution on Flame Liftoff and Blowout 3.4 Blowout (Extinction) Characteristics of Oxygenated Co-flow Flames 4 Conclusions References Laminar Burning Velocity Measurements at Elevated Pressure and Temperatures and the Challenges in Kinetic Scheme Optimization 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Experimental Method 2.2 Computational Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 LBV at High Temperature and Pressure 3.2 Optimization Approach 3.3 Variation of Power Exponents of Temperature and Pressure 3.4 Comparison of Optimized Model with Available Kinetic Schemes 3.5 Flame Structure 4 Conclusions Appendix: Experimental Data References Combustion Systems Direct Numerical Simulation of Preignition and Knock in Engine Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Developing Detonation Regime Diagram 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.2 Zeldovich's Theory on Reactivity Gradient 2.3 ε-ξ Regime Diagram 2.4 Quantitative Analysis 2.5 One-Dimensional Detonation Development 2.6 2-D and 3-D Simulations of Super-Knock Under Realistic IC-engine Conditions 3 Weak and Strong Ignition Modes 3.1 Theoretical Background 3.2 Prediction of Weak/strong Combustion Modes 4 Summary References Numerical Investigation of Flow-Acoustics Coupling in a Half-Dump Combustor Using Hybrid CFD-CAA Methodology 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Details 2.1 Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction Model 2.2 Acoustics Modeling Using Lighthill’s Analogy (CFD-CAA) 2.3 Setup of the CFD Calculation 3 Results 3.1 Grid Independence and Non-reacting Flow Results 3.2 Reacting Flow Results Using CFD-CAA 4 Conclusions References Emissions from FEHA Fueled RQL Gas Turbine Combustor Under High-Pressure and High-Temperature Simulated in-Flight Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Apparatus and Conditions 3 Experimental Results 4 Simpliefied in-Flight Emission Analysis 5 Results of in-Flight Emission Analysis 6 Conclusions References Performance Evaluation of Upward Swirl Combustor with Reverse Fuel Injector and Hydrogen Blending 1 Introduction 2 Wall-Cooling Techniques 2.1 Emission Control Mechanisms 2.2 Philosophy of Upward Swirl 3 Backward Swirl and Upward Swirl Can-Type Combustor 4 Experimental Procedure and Test Conditions 5 Numerical Methodology 6 Conventional Can Combustor Versus Upward Swirl Can Combustor 6.1 Exit Temperature Variation 6.2 Flame Characteristics 6.3 Outer Wall Temperature 6.4 Emission Characteristics 7 Assessment of Upward Swirl Combustor with Reverse Fuel Injector 7.1 Influence of Reverse Fuel Injection on Flow Structure 7.2 Influence of Fuel Injection on Combustion 7.3 Influence of Fuel Injection on Wall Temperature 7.4 Influence of Fuel Injection on Emission Characteristics 8 Evaluation of Upward Swirl Combustor with Reverse Fuel Injector and Hydrogen Blending 8.1 Influence of Hydrogen Addition on Chemical Kinetics 8.2 Influence of Hydrogen Addition on Flame Structure 8.3 Influence of Hydrogen Addition on Emission Characteristics 9 Conclusions and Future Endeavours References Fires Quantification of Enhanced Fire Severity in Modern Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Fire Severity Due to Internal Furnishings 3 Fire Severity Due to External Façades 4 Conclusions References The Tea Light Candle and the Global Waste Problem 1 Background 2 The Tea Light Candle 2.1 How Long Does It Take for a Tea Light Candle to Burn? 2.2 How Can the Burning Rate Be Increased? 2.3 How Can the Burning Rate Be Increased Even Further? 3 The Flame Refluxer Concept and Applications 4 Conclusions References Sustainable Energy Technologies Approach to Solve Renewable Energy Problems 1 Introduction 2 Renewable Energy 2.1 Hydropower 2.2 Biomass Power 2.3 Geothermal Power 2.4 Ocean Power (Tidal/wave/thermal) 2.5 Wind Power 2.6 Solar Power 3 Computational Fluid Dynamics 4 Application of CFD in Renewable Energy Source 4.1 Hydropower CFD 4.2 Biomass Power 4.3 Geothermal Power 4.4 Ocean Power (Tidal/wave/thermal) 4.5 Wind Power 4.6 Solar Power 5 Conclusions References Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Via Thermochemical Pathways 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of the Waste Tires 3 Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Tires 4 Methods and Materials 4.1 Feedstock Materials 4.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 4.3 Lab-Scale Fixed Bed Reactor 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 5.2 Lab-Scale Pyrolysis and Gasification 6 Conclusions References Biomass Conversion to Power in Southeast Asian Countries: Current Situation and Perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Renewable Energy in ASEAN 3 Biomass as Feedstock for Energy Conversion 3.1 Biomass Residue 3.2 Crop-to-Residual Ratio (CRR) 3.3 Biomass Properties 4 Biomass Conversion Technology 4.1 Technology 4.2 Examples of Direct Combustion Technology 4.3 Examples of Indirect Combustion Technology 5 Biomass for Heat and Power in ASEAN: The Perspective References Role of Artificial Roughness in the Performance Improvement of Solar Air Heaters 1 Introduction 1.1 Energy Scenario 1.2 Importance of Solar Energy 1.3 Introduction to Solar Air Heater 2 Artificial Roughness and Its Importance in SAH 2.1 General Roughness Parameters 3 Literature Review 3.1 Circular Cross-Sectional Ribs and Their Different Patterns 3.2 Square and Rectangular Cross-Sectional Ribs and Their Different Patterns 3.3 Chamfered Ribs and Their Different Patterns 4 Effect of Duct Cross-Section 5 Parameters Used for Predicting SAH Performance 6 Comparative Performance Assessment of Various Roughness Used in SAH 6.1 Based on Nusselt Number and Friction Factor 6.2 Based on Thermohydraulic Performance Parameter 7 Conclusions References Estimation of Mechanical Behavior of Cementitious Material Using Microstructural Information 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Model for Cement Paste 2.2 Simulation 3 Homogenization of Cementitious Composites 3.1 Representative Volume Element (RVE) 3.2 RVE Generation 3.3 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Based Microstructure Modeling 3.4 Boundary Conditions 3.5 Homogenization 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 FEM-Based Homogenization 4.2 Analytical Homogenization 5 Conclusions References