Atmospheric Water Harvesting Development and Challenges

Description

The commercial operation of atmospheric water harvesting systems is still limited to few countries; this is mainly due to the low energy efficiency of the system and the inability to effectively operate throughout the various seasons of the year. Researchers have attempted to develop strategies to render the operation of atmospheric water harvesters easier and cost effective. This book covers work progress toward such direction, including among others the co-operation of these systems with renewable energy source and the adaptation of the systems to local conditions; the response of the communities around the world to such technology and how its implementation is affected by cultural believe, cost, and technological friendliness. The book is of interest to academic researchers, students, water authorities, professional in relevant industries, government regulatory bodies officers, and environmentalists. Preface Contents About the Editors 1 Atmospheric Water Generator Technologies 1.1 Introduction 1.2 AWH by Moisture Sorption Technology 1.3 AWH by Vapor Condensing Technology References 2 Outdoor Testing of Double Slope Condensation Surface for Extraction of Water from Air 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions 2.3 Extraction of Water from Atmospheric Air 2.4 Commercial Applications of Extracting Water from Atmospheric Air 2.5 Experimental Study of the Model 2.5.1 Description of Apparatus 2.5.2 Experiment Procedures 2.6 Mathematical Model 2.6.1 Productivity Model 2.6.2 Model of Solar Radiation 2.6.3 Simulation 2.7 Results and Discussion of Experimental and Theoretical Model 2.7.1 Daily Efficiency 2.7.2 Comparison Between Different Designs Including the Present Work 2.8 Conclusion References 3 New Materials for Sorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Opportunities and Challenges 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Basic Principle of AWHA 3.3 Desiccant Materials for AWHA 3.3.1 Requirements for the Sorbent Properties 3.3.2 Solid Adsorbents 3.3.3 Liquid and Solid Absorbents 3.3.4 Composite Sorbents Based on Hygroscopic Salts 3.4 Cycles and Configurations 3.4.1 Active Versus Passive Cycles 3.4.2 Open Versus Semi-open Systems 3.5 Summary and Outlooks References 4 Metal-Oxide Frameworks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Based on Adsorption 4.3 Development of MOFs 4.4 Conclusions and Future Trends in MOFs-Based Adsorbent References 5 Solar Adsorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems: Materials and Technologies 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 AWH Working Concept 5.2 Adsorption Materials for AWH 5.2.1 Silica Gel 5.2.2 Zeolite 5.2.3 Activated Carbon Fiber 5.2.4 Expanded Natural Graphite 5.2.5 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 5.2.6 Hydrogel 5.2.7 Closure of the Adsorption Materials 5.3 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technologies 5.3.1 Technologies of AWH Devices Powered by Solar Energy 5.3.2 Solar Glass Desiccant Box-Type Systems (SGDBTS) 5.3.3 Solar Glass Desiccant Pyramid-Prism Type Systems (SGDPS) 5.3.4 Solar Glass Desiccant Focus Type System (SGDFTS) 5.3.5 Portable AWH Systems 5.3.6 Supplementary AWH Systems 5.3.7 Closure of AWH Systems 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Potential of Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid Regions: Case Studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods for Atmospheric Water Harvesting 6.2.1 Natural Harvesting (Tu et al. 2018) 6.2.2 Early Atmospheric Water Generator (Tu et al. 2018) 6.2.3 Modern Atmospheric Water Generators (Tu et al. 2018) 6.2.4 Rain Collection 6.2.5 Fog Harvesting (Maleki et al. 2021) 6.2.6 Dew Water Collection (Tu et al. 2018) 6.2.7 Condensation of Vapor 6.2.8 Cooling of Ambient Air 6.3 Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid and Semi Arid Regions (Case Studies) 6.3.1 Namibia-Fog as a Source (Shanyengana et al. 2002) 6.3.2 Chile-Dew Water Harvesting 6.3.3 Rajasthan-Water Harvesting and Moisture Conservation (Narain et al. 2005) 6.3.4 Syria-Atmospheric Water Harvesting Via Fog and Dew Water 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Sustainability of Atmospheric Water Harvesting in the Remote Areas 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Techniques of Atmospheric Water Harvesting 7.2.1 Fog Water Collection 7.2.2 Dew Water Collection 7.3 Understanding Moisture Sorption Mechanism 7.4 Structural Design of AWH 7.4.1 Silica Gel 7.4.2 Activated Carbon Fibres 7.4.3 Metal Organic Frameworks 7.4.4 3-D Polymeric Network Hydrogels 7.5 Summary References 8 Techno-economic Assessment of Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) Technologies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 AWH Technologies 8.2.1 Artificial Rain Harvesting Technologies 8.2.2 Fog Water Harvesting (FWH) Technologies 8.2.3 Dew Water Harvesting Technologies 8.2.4 Economic Analysis of AWH Systems References 9 Businesses Based on Atmospheric Water Harvesting Around the World 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technologies 9.3 Types of Businesses Around Atmospheric Water Harvesting 9.3.1 Businesses Related to Atmospheric Water Generators 9.3.2 Desiccants Market 9.3.3 Hydropanels Market 9.3.4 Fog Collectors 9.3.5 Bottled Atmospheric Drinking Water Market 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Awareness of Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technology in a Community: Case Study of Pretoria North in South Africa 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.2.1 Study Area 10.2.2 Design 10.2.3 Ethical Considerations 10.2.4 Execution Plan 10.3 Results 10.3.1 Participation Per Age Group 10.3.2 General Survey Outcome Regarding the Perception of the Different Age Groups 10.3.3 Perception of Age Groups Regarding the Consideration of AWH 10.3.4 Perception of Age Groups Regarding the Payment for Quality Water 10.4 Conclusion References