Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing

Description

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing discusses the state of the art, emerging challenges, properties, and opportunities of various carbon-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites, for their application in smart gas sensors. The book focuses on various carbon-based nanomaterials and their nanocomposites, sensing mechanism, device fabrication, and their application for the sensing of various hazardous gases. This is important for several industries, environmental monitoring, and human healthcare, due to increased industrialization. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing  provides systematic and effective guidelines for researchers who want to gain a fundamental understanding of how this class of materials is being used for gas sensing. Since these sensors can be applied for the automation of numerous industrial processes, as well as for everyday monitoring of various activities, such as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and in many other situations, this book will catch the attention of readers and motivate them for advanced research in the development of smart and efficient gas sensors. Cover Carbon-based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing Copyright List of contributors Contents Part 1 Introduction to carbon based nanomaterials1 Part 2 Application of carbon nanomaterials in gas sensing81 About the editors Preface 1 Carbon-based smart nanomaterials 1.1 Introduction to carbon-based nanomaterials 1.2 Types of carbon nanomaterials 1.2.1 Carbon nanotubes 1.2.2 Fullerenes 1.2.3 Graphene 1.2.4 Carbon nanofibers 1.3 Synthesis methodologies and variations 1.4 Gas sensors and their comparison References 2 Carbon nanomaterials-based gas sensors 2.1 Types of gas sensors based on carbon-based nanomaterials 2.1.1 Electrochemical sensors 2.1.2 Electrical/chemiresistive sensors 2.1.3 Mass-sensitive gas sensors 2.1.4 Thermometric (calorimetric) gas sensors 2.2 Parameters of gas sensor 2.2.1 Sensitivity 2.2.2 Selectivity 2.2.3 Stability 2.2.4 Response time 2.2.5 Recovery time 2.3 Functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials 2.4 Sensing mechanism 2.4.1 Sorption gas sensors 2.4.2 Ionization gas sensors 2.4.3 Capacitive gas sensors 2.4.4 Resonance frequency shift gas sensors 2.5 Fabrication of sensors References 3 Carbon-based gas sensing materials 3.1 Introduction to carbon-based gas sensing materials 3.1.1 Gas sensors 3.2 Detection mechanism of gas sensors 3.3 Carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites for sensing 3.3.1 Carbon black 3.3.2 Carbon nanofibers 3.3.3 Carbon nanotubes 3.3.4 Graphene 3.3.4.1 Gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites 3.4 Carbon black materials and composites for gas sensors 3.5 Carbon nanofibers and composites for gas sensors 3.6 Carbon nanotubes and composites for gas sensor 3.6.1 Carbon nanotubes and metal or metal oxide composites for gas sensor 3.6.2 Carbon nanotubes and polymer composites for gas sensor 3.7 Graphene materials and composites for gas sensor 3.7.1 Graphene and metal or metal oxide nanocomposite for gas sensor 3.7.2 Graphene and polymers nanocomposites for gas sensor 3.8 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 4 Carbon nanotube-based gas sensors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sensing mechanism 4.3 Carbon nanotube/metal nanocomposite-based gas sensors 4.4 Carbon nanotube/semiconducting metal oxide nanocomposite-based gas sensors 4.5 Carbon nanotube/conducting polymer nanocomposites for gas sensors 4.6 Functionalized carbon nanotubes as gas sensors 4.7 Conclusions and outlook References 5 Carbon nanofiber-based gas sensors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods of carbon nanofiber preparation 5.2.1 Electrospinning 5.2.2 Catalytic thermal chemical vapor deposition growth 5.2.3 Substrate method 5.2.3.1 The spray method 5.2.3.2 The gas-phase flow catalytic method 5.2.3.3 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition 5.3 Fabrication/construction of carbon nanofibers 5.3.1 Carbon nanofibers modified with metal oxides 5.4 Carbon nanofibers as gas sensors 5.4.1 ZnO/CNFs 5.4.2 Sn–SnO2/CNFs 5.4.3 CNFs/polystyrene 5.4.4 SnO2/CNFs 5.4.5 V2O5/CNFs 5.4.6 Au-Pt/CNFs 5.4.7 Multifunctional carbon nanofibers 5.4.8 Mesoporous carbon nanofibers 5.4.9 WO3/CNFs 5.4.10 Ni/CNFs 5.4.11 CNFs/PPy 5.4.12 WS2/CNFs 5.4.13 Ni-CNF 5.4.14 Graphitic carbon nanofibers 5.4.15 Graphitic-carbon nanofibers/polyacrylate 5.4.16 PAN/(PAN-b-PMMA) 5.4.17 5,6;11,12-di-o-phenlyenetetracene/carbon nanofibers References 6 Graphene-based gas sensors 6.1 Gas sensor mechanism 6.2 Graphene and its derivative/metal-based gas sensor 6.3 Graphene and its derivative/ metal oxide-based gas sensor 6.4 Graphene and its derivative/polymer based gas sensor References 7 3D Hierarchical carbon-based gas sensors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Importance of 3D nanomaterial 7.3 Construction/fabrication of 3D architectures 7.4 3-D metal oxide/graphene nanocomposite as gas sensors 7.5 3-D functionalized graphene nanocomposite as gas sensors 7.6 3-D metal doped graphene nanocomposite as gas sensors 7.7 3-D metal oxide/carbon nanotube and metal oxide/graphene oxide/carbon nanotube nanocomposite as gas sensors 7.7.1 Sensing mechanisms of 3D TiO2/graphene-carbon nanotubes gas sensors 7.8 3D metal oxide/carbon nanocomposite as gas sensors 7.9 3D graphene-based gas sensors References 8 Conducting polymer-based gas sensors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conducting polymers-based gas sensors 8.3 Polyaniline as a gas sensing material 8.4 Polypyrrole as gas sensing material 8.5 Polythiophene as gas sensing material References 9 Future prospects: carbon-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites References Index