Advances in Cancer Nanotheranostics for Experimental and Personalized Medicine

Description

Nanotheranostics is a recent medical field which integrates diagnostic imaging protocols and therapeutic functions to monitor real time drug release in the body and distribution to the target site. The combined processes allow technicians to observe the effectiveness of a specifically designed drug candidate and predict its possible side effects. All these features help clinicians in optimizing treatment options for cancer and other diseases for the individual patient. Current research is tailored to individual therapy because each drug may display a variety of responses depending on variations in an individual’s genetics and subsequently, their clinical biochemistry. Many tumors are still challenging for therapists in terms of available treatment and nanotheranostic strategies may help them to combat cancer more efficiently. Advances in Cancer Nanotheranostics for Experimental and Personalized Medicine presents information about current theranostic technologies in use at clinics and recent research on nanotheranostic applications, with a focus on cancer treatment. Information is presented in seven organized chapters that cover the basics of cancer nanotheranostics, tumor microenvironmental factors, gene therapy and gene delivery concepts, and the combined application of diagnostic imaging with cancer chemotherapy. A chapter focusing on the role of non-coding MRNAs in breast cancer carcinogenesis is also included, giving readers a glimpse of the complexities in the molecular biology of cancer which drive the need for new theranostic technologies. The book is of interest to medical professionals (including oncologists and specialists in internal medicine), diagnostic imaging technicians, and researchers in the fields of pharmacology, molecular biology and nuclear medicine. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Cancer Nanotheranostics Ezgi Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoglu1, Berçem Yeman1, Merve Biçen1, Servet Tunoglu2, Yousef Rasmi3 and Yusuf Tutar1,4,* INTRODUCTION Oncology in Brief Genomic Era Transcriptome Analysis Epigenomic Regulations Proteomic Approaches Metabolomics Targeted Delivery Through NPs Stem Cells and Cancer Cancer Treatment with Mesenchymal Stem Cells iPSCs: Return to The Past FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Tumor Microenvironment: A Critical Determinant in Regulating Tumor Progression and Metastasis Raghda Ashraf Soliman1, Rana Ahmed Youness1,* and Mohamed Zakaria Gad2,* THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE TME Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes Natural Killer (NK) Cells Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs) Tumor Associated Neutrophils (TANs) Dendritic Cells (DCs) Adipocytes Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) Non-cellular Components Cytokines Chemokines Growth Factors ECM Remodeling Enzymes TME and Therapy Targeting Tumor Microenvironment Targeting TME Hypoxia Targeting Inflammation Targeting Angiogenesis Targeting Tumor Residence Cells Targeting CAFs Remodeling/Targeting ECM CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Nanotechnology in Cancer Theranostics Asmaa Mostafa1,2 and Matthias Bartneck1,* 1. NANOMEDICINES AND THERANOSTICS 1.1. Putative Anti-cancer Nanomedicines and their Biodistribtion 1.2. Theranostic Medicines 1.3. Nanomedicines for Passive and Active Targeting 1.4. How Omics Data can be Used to Develop Improved (nano-) Drugs 1.5. Strategies to Localize Drug Delivery 1.6. Therapeutic Options of Small Non-coding RNA 2. IMMUNE CELL-DIRECTED THERAPIES 2.1. Lymphoid Cells are in the Focus of Cancer Therapy 2.2. Evolving Therapies Targeting Macrophages and Other Myeloid Cells CONCLUSIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Nanotheranostics in Gene Therapy Beatriz B. Oliveira, Alexandra R. Fernandes and Pedro V. Baptista* 1. GENE DELIVERY FOR CANCER THERAPY 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN GENE DELIVERY 2.1. Considering the Biological Barriers 2.2. Gene Delivery Systems and Applications 2.3. Targeting Strategies Antibodies Peptides Small Molecules 3. NANOTHERANOSTICS CONCEPTS FOR GENE DELIVERY 3.1. Imaging Techniques Optical Imaging Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radionuclide Imaging (PET/SPECT) 3.2. Therapeutic Nucleic Acids Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) MicroRNAs (miRNAs) Antisense Oligonucleotides Gene Editing via CRISPR 4. HOW FAR FROM THE CLINICS ARE NANOTHERANOSTICS IN GENE DELIVERY CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Short Non-coding RNAs: Promising Biopharmaceutical Weapons in Breast Carcinogenesis Rana Ahmed Youness1,* and Mohamed Zakaria Gad2,* IN ONCOLOGY: IT IS NOT “ONE SIZE FITS ALL” Breast Cancer (BC) Incidence and Prevalence BC is Not Just One Disease Molecular Circuits Underlying BC Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) MicroRNAs (miRNAs): Versatile Regulators of the Human Genome Biogenesis of miRNAs Mechanism of Action Involvement of miRNAs in BC Mystery Oncogenic miRNAs (OncomiR) in BC Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in BC miRNAs as Potential Multi-targeted Therapeutic Tools A Brief Snapshot of Potential miRNAs Evading the Therapeutic Landscape CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Combining Imaging and Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment Seda Keleştemur1,* and Gamze Yeşilay2 INTRODUCTION Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radionuclide-based Imaging X-Ray Computed Tomography CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Practical Clinical Applications: Chemotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Turkan Ikizceli1,* and S. Karacavus2 INTRODUCTION Applications of Nanotheranostics in Cancer Chemotherapy Nuclear Medicine Applications The Commonly Used Therapeutic Radionuclides for Labeling Nanoparticles 1. α-particle Emitters 2. β-particle Emitters 3. Auger Electron Emitters CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Untitled