The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine [2 Volume Set]

Description

Winner of the BMA Cardiology Book Award 2019 This third edition of The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine is a ground-breaking initiative from the European Soceity of Cardiology that transforms reference publishing in cardiovascular medicine to better serve the changing needs of the global cardiology community. Providing the evidence-base behind clinical practice guidelines, with in-depth, peer-reviewed chapters and broad coverage of this fast-moving field, The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine is an invaluable resource for cardiologists across the world. Overseen by Professors A. John Camm, Thomas F. L scher, Patrick W. Serruys, and Gerald Maurer, supported by an editorial board of subject experts and contributions from more than 1000 of the world's leading specialists from research and the clinic, this dynamic encyclopaedic resource covers more than 63 disciplines with cardiology, providing readers with a trustworthy insight into all aspects of cardiovascular medicine. This edition comes with free access to the new, digital resource, ESC CardioMed, which will be continually updated online by the author team. Uniquely, ESC CardioMed is cross-linked with the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines in the European Heart Journal to provide the research and data behind the guidelines. The textbook is highly illustrated, with additional videos and multimedia resources available on ESC CardioMed. As a consistently evolving knowledge base, The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, along with ESC CardioMed, equips all cardiologists - from trainees and consultants, to device specialists and allied heathcare professionals - with a powerful, multifaceted resource covering all aspects of cardiovascular medicine. The glory of medicine is that it is always moving forward, that there is always more to learn. William James Mayo, 1928. This third edition of The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine is a welcome effort to enhance lifelong learning for cardiologists; indeed, it will be a great resource for all of those members of the healthcare team dedicated to the care of patients. ESC CardioMed, the new digital dimension with ongoing updates, is a particularly attractive feature and much needed to provide timely updates on topics. Reflection on Will Mayo s quote from 1928 at a time of relatively slow growth in information to guide clinical practice compared to the current rapid pace of new diScoveries and ongoing analysis of clinical practice highlights the challenge for clinicians to 'keep up'. Linking new evidence- based data to clinical practice guidelines with advanced digital technologies is a wonderful approach and will greatly enhance what happens at the bedside in clinical decision-making. Medicine is a scholarly profession; this includes a commitment to lifelong learning which is one marker of the best in our profession. We critically analyse what we do and try to improve care for our patients with discovery, innovation, and sharing of experience. Those who maintain their scholarly endeavours, even while busily committed to heavy clinic practice responsibilities, will find considerable satisfaction with these ESC educational efforts. My own view is that scholarly activity, broadly defined, is an antidote for burnout among physicians. I am certain this third edition of The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine and the ESC CardioMed digital version with updates will contribute importantly to enhancing care for the patients we serve and facilitate the scholarly milieu of clinical practice. Robert L. Frye, MD Rochester, Minnesota, US PART 1. Introduction to the cardiovascular system Section 1. Cardiovascular history and physical examination 1.1. Approach to cardiovascular assessment, Andrew Elder, Nicholas A. Boon, and Alan G. Japp 1.2. Cardiovascular symptoms, Alan G. Japp, Iain Simpson, Stephen Pettit, Arthur Yue, and Junaid Zaman 1.3. Cardiovascular signs, Stuart Pringle, Samantha Fitzsimmons, Ingibjorg Gudmundsdottir, and Joseph B. Esterson Section 2. Developmental biology of the heart 2.1. Cardiac embryogenesis, Robert G. Kelly 2.2. The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis, Miguel Torres 2.3. From heart-forming region to ballooning chambers, Maurice J. B. van den Hoff and Antoon F. M. Moorman 2.4. Development of the ventricles and valves, Jose M. Perez-Pomares and Jose L. de la Pompa 2.5. Development of the cardiac conduction system, Jan Hendrik van Weerd and Vincent M. Christoffels 2.6. Epicardial and coronary vascular development, Thomas J. Cahill and Paul R. Riley 2.7. Cardiomyocyte development from mid-gestation through preadolescence, Mark H. Soonpaa and Loren J. Field Section 3. Functional anatomy of the heart 3.1. Introduction, Sabine Ernst and Siew Yen Ho 3.2. Cardiac anatomy in the interventional era: an overview, Ammar M. Killu and Samuel J. Asirvatham 3.3. Normal conduction system, coronary arteries, and coronary veins, Taka-aki Matsuyama and Hatsue Ishibashi-Ueda 3.4. Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures, Damian Sanchez-Quintana and Jose Angel Cabrera 3.5. The heart as a functional unit, Philip J. Kilner and Sonya V. Babu-Narayan 3.6. Ventricular structure and function, Philip J. Kilner and Sonya V. Babu-Narayan 3.7. Functional anatomy of atria, Luigi Badano and Denisa Muraru 3.8. Functional anatomy of left heart valves, Fahd Makhdom, Pascal Theriault-Lauzier, Siew Yen Ho, and Nicolo Piazza 3.9. Functional anatomy of right heart valves, Christine Selton-Suty, Olivier Huttin, Clement Venner, and Yves Juilliere 3.10. Functional anatomy of myocardial perfusion, Robert Manka and Sabrina Oebel Section 4. Cardiovascular physiology 4.1. The heart as a pump: governing principles, Sandor J. Kovacs 4.2. Cardiac electrophysiology, Marek Malik 4.3. Cardiovascular physiology: regulation of coronary circulation, Christian Seiler 4.4. Regulation of blood pressure, Gino Seravalle and Guido Grassi 4.5. Heart/kidney interactions, Markus P. Schlaich 4.6. Cardiovascular response to exercise, Ross Arena, Dejana Popovic, Marco Guazzi, Amy McNeil, and Michael Sagner 4.7. Cardiovascular response to mental stress, Jens Barthelmes and Isabella Sudano 4.8. The cardiovascular system during sleep, Naima Covassin and Virend K. Somers 4.9. The ageing heart, Magnus Back, Laure Joly, Nicolas Sadoul, and Athanase Benetos 4.10. Alterations in cardiovascular physiology in pathological states, Sebastian Ewen, Saarraaken Kulenthiran, and Felix Mahfoud Section 5. Cardiovascular pharmacology 5.1. Renin-angiotensin system and neprilysin, Joao Pedro Ferreira and Patrick Rossignol 5.2. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, Faiez Zannad and Joao Pedro Ferreira 5.3. Autonomic nervous system drugs, Atul Pathak 5.4. Pharmacology of vasodilators, Stephane Laurent 5.5. Positive inotropes, Mattia Arrigo and Alexandre Mebazaa 5.6. Antiarrhythmics, Federico Guerra and Alessandro Capucci 5.7. Pharmacology of oral antiplatelet drugs, Tabassome Simon 5.8. Fibrinolytic therapy, Freek W. A. Verheugt 5.9. Lipid-lowering drugs, Cesare R. Sirtori and Massimiliano Ruscica 5.10. Oral diabetes treatments and cardiovascular disease, Pierre-Jean Saulnier and Samy Hadjadj 5.11. Renal pharmacology for the cardiologist, Kevin Damman 5.12. Potassium binders, Keld P. Kjeldsen, Juan Tamargo, and Thomas Andersen Schmidt 5.13. Cardiovascular effects of non-cardiovascular drugs, Pauline Bosco-Levy, Julien Bezin, Francesco Salvo, and Nicholas Moore 5.14. Drug-drug interactions, Jeffrey K. Aronson 5.15. Local drugs in interventional cardiology pharmacology, Jonathan Michel and Robert A. Byrne Section 6. Anticoagulation 6.1. An overview of haemostasis, in relation to atherothrombotic, thromboembolic, and venous cardiovascular disease, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci 6.2. Current targets of anticoagulants, Fedor Bachmann 6.3. Epidemiology of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in heart disease, Renate Schnabel, Dipak Kotecha, and Paulus Kirchhof 6.4. Unfractionated heparin, Freek W. A. Verheugt 6.5. Low-molecular-weight heparin, Paul Guedeney, Mathieu Kerneis, Johanne Silvain, Gilles Montalescot, and Jean-Philippe Collet 6.6. Fondaparinux and its derivatives, Michiel Coppens 6.7. Bivalirudin and argatroban, Davide Capodanno 6.8. Reversal of parenteral anticoagulants, Marcel Levi 6.9. Vitamin K antagonists, Jorgen Jespersen and Jane Skov 6.10. The NOACs: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, Thomas Vanassche and Peter Verhamme 6.11. The NOACs: clinical pharmacology, Jeffrey Weitz 6.12. The NOACs in special situations: the elderly, renal impairment, combination with antiplatelet agents and thrombolytics, Felicita Andreotti, Eliano Pio Navarese, and Filippo Crea 6.13. Reversal of oral anticoagulants, Joanne van Ryn 6.14. Epidemiological data on the use of traditional anticoagulants in cardiovascular disease, Christina Reith and Colin Baigent Section 7. Epidemiology and global burden 7.1. Strategies for assessment of global disease burden, Sumeet S. Chugh 7.2. Epidemiology and global burden of hypertension, George A. Mensah 7.3. Epidemiology and global burden of ischaemic heart disease, Andrew E. Moran 7.4. Epidemiology and global burden of cardiomyopathy, James D. Wilkinson, Ashwin Kumar, Joslyn A. Westphal, Jason D. Czachor, Hiedy Razoky, and Steven E. Lipshultz 7.5. Epidemiology and global burden of arrhythmias, Aapo L. Aro and Sumeet S. Chugh 7.6. Epidemiology and global burden of rheumatic heart disease, Dianne Sika-Paotonu, Andrea Beaton , and Jonathan Carapetis 7.7. Epidemiology and global burden of myocarditis and pericarditis, Siva Ketha and Leslie T. Cooper 7.8. Epidemiology and global burden of infective endocarditis, Imad M. Tleyjeh and Aref A. Bin Abdulhak 7.9. Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysms, Holger Reinecke PART 2. Investigations Section 8. Electrocardiogram 8.1. Introduction, Antonio Bayes de Luna 8.2. Atrial abnormalities, Adrian Baranchuk and Bryce Alexander 8.3. Ventricular hypertrophy, Ljuba Bacharova and Harvey Estes 8.4. Intraventricular conduction disturbances, Antonio Bayes de Luna and Marcelo Elizari 8.5. ECG patterns of ischaemia and necrosis, Miguel Fiol and Antonio Bayes de Luna 8.6. ECG patterns related to arrhythmias and sudden death: channelopathies, early repolarization, and preexcitiation, Wojciech Zareba and Pyotr Platonov 8.7. ECG in syncope, palpitations, dyspnoea, and chest pain, Angel Moya 8.8. The abnormal ECG without apparent heart disease and the normal ECG in serious heart diseases: two extremes, Antonio Bayes de Luna and Gunter Breithardt 8.9. Ambulatory ECG monitoring, Iwona Cygankiewicz Section 9. Chest radiography 9.1. Normal anatomy with a focus on the cardiac silhouette and the great vessels, Christian Loewe and Dietrich Beitzke 9.2. Pulmonary venous hypertension, Massimo Pistolesi and Mariaelena Occhipinti 9.3. Pulmonary arterial hypertension and acute and chronic thromboembolism, Thomas Henzler 9.4. Pulmonary infections, Tomas Franquet 9.5. Focal abnormalities, Nicola Sverzellati, Gianluca Milanese, and Mario Silva 9.6. Lines, tubes, and implantable devices, Nicholas Screaton and Gianluca Milanese, and Mario Silva Section 10. Cardiac ultrasound 10.1. Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking, Jens-Uwe Voigt 10.2. Technical equipment for echocardiography, Thomas Binder 10.3. Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard examination of specific cardiac structures, Thomas Binder 10.4. Stress echocardiography, Roxy Senior and Nikolaos Karogiannis 10.5. Contrast echocardiography, Anastasia Vamvakidou and Roxy Senior 10.6. Three-dimensional echocardiography, Francesco F. Faletra, Laura A. Leo, Tiziano Moccetti, and Mark J. Monaghan 10.7. Coronary heart disease, Thomas H. Marwick 10.8. Hypertension and diabetes, Laura Ernande 10.9. Transoesophageal echocardiography, Ruxandra Beyer and Frank A. Flachskampf 10.10. Left ventricular function, heart failure, and resynchronization therapy, Jens-Uwe Voigt 10.11. Assist devices, Satoshi Nakatani 10.12. Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart, Thor Edvardsen 10.13. Cardiac valves, Damien Voilliot and Patrizio Lancellotti 10.14. Echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation, Mehdi Eskandari and Mark J. Monaghan 10.15. Transcatheter mitral valve repair: from edge-to-edge to annuloplasty, Mehdi Eskandari and Mark J. Monaghan 10.16. Prosthetic valve evaluation, Felix C. Tanner and Rolf Jenni 10.17. Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle, Petros Nihoyannopoulos and Julia Grapsa 10.18. Echocardiographic assessment: diseases of the aorta, Arturo Evangelista and Jose Rodriguez-Palomares 10.19. Atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic embolism, and tumors, Bogdan Popescu, Maria-Magdalena Gurzun, and Carmen Ginghina 10.20. Emergency echocardiography, Aleksandar N. Neskovic, Ivan Stankovic, and Predrag Milicevic Section 11. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance 11.1. Normal anatomy and function, Alicia Maceira 11.2. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics, techniques, and contrast agents, Sonia Nielles-Vallespin 11.3. Coronary artery disease, Jurg Schwitter 11.4. Cardiomyopathies, Matthias Friedrich and Fabian Siepen 11.5. Congenital heart disease, Sonya Babu-Narayan 11.6. Valvular heart disease, Saul Myerson 11.7. Atherosclerosis imaging, Chun Yuan, Zach Miller, and Jianming Cai 11.8. Angiography, Jan Bogaert 11.9. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in less common pathologies, Massimo Lombardi and Antonia Camporeale Section 12. Cardiovascular computed tomography 12.1. Technology of cardiac computed tomography, Stephan Achenbach 12.2. Coronary calcium, Todd C. Villines, Joshua Mitchell, and Michael K. Cheezum 12.3. Coronary computed tomography angiography: detection of coronary artery stenosis, Koen Nieman 12.4. Coronary computed tomography angiography: imaging of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, Pal Maurovich-Horvat 12.5. Computed tomography myocardial perfusion, Amita Singh, Noreen Nazir, Victor Mor-Avi, and Amit R. Patel 12.6. Computed tomography for cardiac morphology, function, and valve disease, Victoria Delgado 12.7. Computed tomography for cardiac interventions, Mohamed Marwan and Stephan Achenbach Section 13. Nuclear cardiology and positron emission tomography 13.1. Basic principles and technological state of the art: SPECT, Alessia Gimelli and Riccardo Liga 13.2. Basic principles and technological state of the art: PET, Frank Bengel 13.3. Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging, Ronny R. Buechel and Aju P. Pazhenkottil 13.4. Assessment of coronary artery disease: chronic stable angina, Juhani Knuuti, S. Richard Underwood, and Antti Saraste 13.5. Assessment of coronary artery disease: imaging-guided management and therapy, Juhani Knuuti, S. Richard Underwood, and Antti Saraste 13.6. Integration of stress nuclear imaging in the diagnostic and management algorithms of stable coronary artery disease, Danilo Neglia and Juhani Knuuti 13.7. Assessment of coronary artery disease: nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in specific patient populations, Danilo Neglia and Juhani Knuuti 13.8. Heart failure, Danilo Neglia and Oliver Gaemperli 13.9. Endocarditis and device infection, Fabien Hyafil, Dominique Le Guludec, and Oliver Gaemperli 13.10. Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis/sarcoidosis), Tobias A. Fuchs and Oliver Gaemperli 13.11. Future potential, Philipp A. Kaufmann, Oliver Gaemperli, and Juhani Knuuti Section 14. Invasive imaging and haemodynamics 14.1. Haemodynamic data, Guy Heyndrickx and Carlo Di Mario 14.2. Coronary Angiography and Ventriculography, Carlo Di Mario, Serafina Valente, and Carlotta Sorini Dini 14.3. Intravascular ultrasound imaging, Philip Dingli, Nicola Ryan, Nieves Gonzalo, and Javier Escaned 14.4. Optical coherence tomography, Francesco Prati, Laura Gatto, Enrico Romagnoli, and Luca Di Vito 14.5. Near-infrared spectroscopy, Carlo Di Mario, Carlotta Sorini Dini, and Serafina Valente 14.6. Functional coronary assessment: fractional flow reserve, Emanuele Barbato and Fabio Mangiacapra 14.7. Functional coronary assessment: instantaneous wave-free ratio and other indices, Justin Davies and Christopher Cook Section 15. Selection of imaging techniques 15.1. Choice of imaging techniques, Jeroen J. Bax, Alexander R. van Rosendael, Laurens F. Tops, Nina Ajmone Marsan, and Victoria Delgado PART 3. Heat Diseases Section 16 Genetics of cardiovascular diseases 16.1. Introduction, Heribert Schunkert 16.2. Genetic counselling, Jodie Ingles, Charlotte Burns, and Laura Yeates 16.3. Principles of cascade screening, Eric Sijbrands 16.4. Principles of molecular genetic testing, Eric Schulze-Bahr 16.5. Basic principles of genetic disease, Eric Schulze-Bahr 16.6. Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias-long QT syndrome, Andrea Mazzanti, Riccardo Maragna, and Sylvia Priori 16.7. Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - short QT Syndrome, Erol Tulumen and Martin Borggrefe 16.8. Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - Brugada Syndrome, Sonia Van Dooren, Dorien Daneels, Gudrun Pappaert, Maryse Bonduelle, and Pedro Brugada Terradellas 16.9. Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Peter Schwartz and Lia Crotti 16.10. Post-mortem genetic testing in sudden death cases, Najim Lahrouchi, Elijah Behr, and Connie Bezzina 16.11. Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Philippe Charron and Carole Maupain 16.12. Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Dilated cardiomyopathy, Daniel Oehler, Benjamin Meder, and Hugo Katus 16.13. Genetics of cardiomyopathies: left ventricular non-compaction, Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandro Di Toro, Lorenzo Giuliani, Nupoor Narula, Valentina Favalli 16.14. Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Kalliopi Pilichou, Cristina Basso, Rudy Celeghin, and Gaetano Thiene 16.15. Genetics of cardiomyopathies: cardiac manifestations of genetic mitochondrial diseases, Abdallah Fayssoil 16.16. Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Myocardial infiltration, Frank Weidemann 16.17. Genetics of vascular disease: Marfan syndrome and aortic disease, Dorien Schepers and Bart Loeys 16.18. Structural diseases of the heart - Genetics of congenital heart diseases, Daniela Barge-Schaapveld, Marco DeRuiter, Conny van Munsteren, and Monique Jongbloed 16.19. Structural diseases of the heart: syndromes affecting the cardiovascular system, Sabine Klaassen 16.20. Complex Cardiovascular Diseases - Atherosclerosis - genetic factors, Heribert Schunkert 16.21. Complex Cardiovascular Diseases - Dyslipidaemias - genetic factors, Daniel Swerdlow, Steve Humphries, and Michael Holmes 16.22. Complex cardiovascular diseases: genetic determinants of atrial fibrillation, Patrick Ellinor and Steven Lubitz 16.23. Complex cardiovascular diseases: the genetics of arterial hypertension, Georg Ehert Section 17. Congenital heart disease in children and adults 17.1. Introduction, John Deanfield 17.2. Nomenclature, John Deanfield and Robert Andersen 17.3. Epidemiology and incidence, John Deanfield and Bernard Keavney 17.4. Aetiology, genes, and environment, Bernard Keavney and Elisavet Fotiou 17.5. Fetal circulation & perinatal programming, Marietta Charakida 17.6. Clinical Presentations & Initial Investigations, John Deanfield 17.7. Echocardiography, Jan Marek, Folkert Meijboom, and Luc Mertens 17.8. Cross-Sectional imaging/modelling, Giovanni Biglino, Silvia Schievano, and Andrew Taylor 17.9. Functional Testing, Alessandro Giardini 17.10. Electrophysiological abnormalities and Arrhythmias, Henry Chubb and Martin Lowe 17.11. Interventional catheterization, Shakeel Qureshi 17.12. Long term Outcomes, Michiel Winter, Berto Bouma, Barbara Mulder 17.13. Arterial Disease in the Young, Marietta Charakida 17.14. Contraception and pregnancy, Jolien Roos-Hesselink and Lucia Baris 17.15. Pulmonary Hypertension, Shahin Moledina 17.16. Heart Failure, Marc Gewillig 17.17. Support/Transplantation, Dilveer Panesar and Mike Burch 17.18. Atrial septal defect, Marc Gewillig 17.19. Atrioventricular septal defect, Michelle Carr 17.20. Ventricular septal defect, Orla Franklin 17.21. Patent ductus arteriosus, Robert Yates 17.22. Pulmonary valve stenosis, Robert Yates 17.23. Vascular Rings, Robert Yates 17.24. Aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, David Anderson 17.25. Coarctation, Marietta Charakida 17.26. Tetralogy of Fallot, Robert Yates 17.27. Ebstein's Anomaly, Sachin Khambadkone 17.28. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Alessandro Giardini 17.29. Single ventricle/total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan circulation), Marc Gewillig 17.30. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, Marietta Charakida and John Deanfield 17.31. Complete transposition of the great arteries, John Deanfield and Marietta Charakida 17.32. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, Robert Yates and Marietta Charakida Section 18. Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation 18.1. Introduction, Massimo Piepoli 18.2. Cardiovascular risk estimation at the individual level, Yvo M. Smulders, Marie-Therese Cooney, and Ian Graham 18.3. Risk factor management at the level of the individual using lifestyle changes, Guy De Backer, Johan De Sutter, and Ian M. Graham 18.4. Risk factor intervention at the population level, Eva Prescott, Torben Jorgensen, Maja-Lisa Lochen, Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, Simon Capewell, and Maja Lisa Lochen 18.5. Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, Ugo Corra 18.6. Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation, Ugo Corra 18.7. Settings and stakeholders, Christi Deaton, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva Section 19. Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome 19.1. Introduction, Lars Ryden 19.2. Dysglycaemia - Definition, classification and diagnosis, Jaakko Tuomilehto and Lars Ryden 19.3. Vascular complications of dysglycaemia, Francesco Cosentino 19.4. Cardiovascular risk assessment in diabetes and pre-diabetes, Nikolaus Marx 19.5. Preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with dysglycemia, Linda Mellbin and Lars Ryden 19.6. Special conditions - Acute coronary syndromes, Baris Gencer and Marco Roffi 19.7. Special conditions - Revascularisation, Miguel Sousa Uva 19.8. Diabetes and heart failure, Karl Swedberg 19.9. Diabetes and arrhythmias, Heikki Huikuri and Lars Ryden 19.10. Diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease, Lucia Mazzolai, Marianne Brodmann, and Victor Aboyans 19.11. Special conditions: kidney disease, Henrik Per Groop and Drazenka Pongrac Barlovic 19.12. Person centred care, Asa Hornsten Section 20. Heart and the brain 20.1. Acute ischaemic stroke: classification and diagnosis, Hans-Christoph Diener 20.2. Impact of stroke on heart function, Christoph Kleinschnitz 20.3. Causes of cardioembolic stroke, Stefan Hohnloser 20.4. Embolic stroke of undetermined source, Hans-Christoph Diener 20.5. Treatment of acute stroke, Heinrich P. Mattle and Simon Jung 20.6. Closure of a patent foramen ovale for the prevention of stroke, David R. Holmes Jr, Guy S. Reeder, and Heinrich Mattle 20.7. Secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, Hans-Christoph Diener 20.8. Management of vascular risk factors and co-morbidities in secondary stroke prevention, Martin O'Donnell and Cliona Small 20.9. Intracranial haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants, Heinrich Mattle, Marcel Arnold, and Urs Fischer 20.10. Atrial Fibrillation and dementia, Hans-Christoph Diener and John Camm Section 21. Cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney disease 21.1. Epidemiology and chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor, Stephan Segerer and Harald Seeger 21.2. Causes of death in renal disease, Thomas F. Mueller and Valerie Luyckx 21.3. Pathophysiology, Christoph Wanner 21.4. Cardiovascular imaging in chronic kidney disease, Victoria Delgado 21.5. Prevention and drug therapy in chronic kidney disease, Stephan Segerer and Harald Seeger 21.6. Device therapy in chronic kidney disease (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy), Petra Nijst and Wilfried Mullens 21.7. Special considerations in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy and kidney transplant patients, Thomas F. Mueller and Valerie Luyckx Section 22. Erectile dysfunction 22.1. Sex and the heart, Piero Montorsi 22.2. Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem, Michael Doumas and Chrysoula Boutari 22.3. Asking, Tiny Jaarsma 22.4. Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease, Charalambos Vlachopoulos and Nikolaos Ioakeimidis 22.5. Testosterone, erectile dysfunction, and the heart, Geoffrey Hackett 22.6. Sexual function and dysfunction in women (and the effect for the couple), Kevan R. Wylie 22.7. Lifestyle issues, Michael Kirby 22.8. Drugs, Mike Kirby and Jonny Coxon 22.9. Surgery, Odunayo Kalejaiye, Amr Abdel Raheem, and David Ralph 22.10. Management of a patient with erectile dysfunction with or without known cardiovascular disease, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Nikolaos Ioakeimidis, and Dimitris Tousoulis Section 23. Lung Disease 23.1. Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, Kieran Rothnie and Jennifer Quint 23.2. Long Term Oxygen Therapy/Ventilation and Cardiovascular outcomes in chronic lung and respiratory disease, Antia Simonds 23.3. Effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment on cardiovascular outcome, Jennifer Quint 23.4. Muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure, Michael Polkey 23.5. Pulmonary rehabilitation in Chronic Lung Disease and Heart Failure, William Man and Rachael Evans 23.6. Sleep apnoea: definition, prevalence and role in cardiovascular diseases, Olaf Oldenburg 23.7. Sleep Related Breathing Disorders - Classification and diagnosis, Melissa Lipford and Virend Somers 23.8. Sleep apnoea: treatment options and sleep/cardiovascular outcome, Holger Woehrle and Michael Artz 23.9. Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and non-conventional treatments in sleep apnoea, Bernardo Selim 23.10. Atmospheric pollution and cardiovascular risk, Mark Miller, Anoop Shah, Nicholas Mills, and Dave Newby 23.11. High-altitude pulmonary oedema, Samuel Verges and Patrick Levy Section 24. Gastrointestinal disease 24.1. Introduction, Gerhard Rogler 24.2. Gut microbiome, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis, Eduard F. Stange 24.3. Gut microbiota and coronary artery disease, Slayman Obeid, Melroy Miranda, and Thomas F. Lüscher 24.4. The gut and cardiovascular diseases, Giuseppe Rosano 24.5. Intestinal absorption and drug levels, Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick and Regina Krattinger 24.6. Chronic heart failure and liver function, Felix Stickel, Matteo Montani, and Christian Datz 24.7. Protein-losing enteropathy associated with heart disease, Conall Morgan and Luc Mertens Section 25. Rheumatoid arthritis and the heart 25.1. Introduction, Thomas F. Lüscher 25.2. Mechanisms of inflammation, Roland Klingenberg and Ulf Muller-Ladner 25.3. Inflammatory diseases: inflammation and cardiovascular disease, Luigi Marzio Biasucci and Giovanna Liuzzo 25.4. Rheumatoid arthritis: basic mechanisms in joints, Oliver Distler and Caroline Ospelt 25.5. Anti-inflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease, Thomas F. Lüscher and Paul M. Ridker 25.6. Treatment aims in rheumatoid arthritis, Oliver Distler and Adrian Ciurea 25.7. Inflammatory bowel disease: basic mechanisms, Gerhard Rogler 25.8. Inflammatory bowel disease and the heart, Christian M. Matter, Stephan Winnik, and Gerhard Rogler 25.9. Psoriasis, Alexander A. Navarini Section 26. Rheumatic heart disease 26.1. Introduction, Ferande Peters 26.2. Epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, Liesl Zuhlke 26.3. Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease, Liesl Zuhlke 26.4. Clinical features and diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, Antoinette Cilliers 26.5. Echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, Ferande Peters, Ruchika Meel, and Mohammed R. Essop 26.6. Prevention and definitive therapy of acute rheumatic fever, Liesl Zuhlke 26.7. Chronic rheumatic disease, Ferande Peters, Mpiko Ntsekhe, and Mohammed Essop 26.8. Clinical scenarios in chronic rheumatic heart disease, Mohammed Essop, Mpiko Ntsekhe, and Ferande Peters 26.9. Therapeutic options in chronic rheumatic heart disease, Mohammed Essop Section 27. Cardio-oncology 27.1. Introduction, John Groarke 27.2. Radiation-induced heart disease: surveillance and management, Ersilia M. DeFilippis and Anju Nohria 27.3. Surveillance for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy, Cian P. McCarthy, Michael T. Osborne, and Tomas G. Neilan 27.4. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis, Daniela Cardinale and Carlo Maria Cipolla 27.5. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, management, prophylaxis, and prognosis, Torbjorn Omland 27.6. Cardiovascular complications of novel kinase inhibitors, Mark Sweeney and Alexander Lyon 27.7. Cardiovascular complications of novel multiple myeloma treatments, Daniel J. Lenihan 27.8. Cardiovascular risk in men with prostate cancer, Daniel Perry, Megan Caram, and Monika Leja 27.9. Cardiac arrhythmias and cancer therapies, John Keaney Section 28. HIV 28.1. Introduction, Nombulelo P. Magula and Akira Singh 28.2. Epidemiology of HIV-associated cardiovascular complications, Giuseppe Barbaro 28.3. HIV-associated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi 28.4. Pericarditis and myopericarditis in HIV, Rubeshan Perumal and Nombulelo P. Magula 28.5. Vascular disease: coronary, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, Darrin Ryan Naidoo and Sherlina Kasipersad 28.6. Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management, Anastase Dzudie and Friedrich Thienemann 28.7. Antiretroviral treatment, Nombulelo P. Magula, Rubeshan Perumal, and Ruffin Apalata Section 29. Acute coronary syndromes 29.1. Introduction, Stefan James and Marco Roffi 29.2. The plaque, Michael Joner and Philipp Nicol 29.3. Epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes, Hector Bueno 29.4. General risk factors of acute coronary syndromes, Lene Rorholm Pedersen and Eva Prescott 29.5. Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes, Giovanna Liuzzo, Daniela Pedicino, and Filippo Crea 29.6. Thrombotic response, Robert Storey and William Parker 29.7. Development of myocardial infarction, Pascal Vranckx 29.8. Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes, Christian Mueller 29.9. Treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes, Marco Valgimigli and Marco Angelillis 29.10. Treatment of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, Borja Ibanez and Sigrun Halvorsen Section 30. Takotsubo syndrome 30.1. Introduction, Christian Templin 30.2. Incidence and definition of takotsubo syndrome, Abhiram Prasad 30.3. Mechanisms of takotsubo syndrome, Leonarda Galiuto and Filippo Crea 30.4. Signal transduction pathways initiated by catecholamines in takotsubo syndrome: focus on nitrosative stress and energetic impairment, John D. Horowitz, Thanh Ha Nguyen, Sven Y. Surikow, Gao Jing Ong, Cher-Rin Chong, Dana K. Dawson, and Michael P. Frenneaux 30.5. Triggers of takotsubo syndrome, Jelena R. Ghadri 30.6. Clinical presentation of takotsubo syndrome, Ilan Wittstein 30.7. Diagnostic testing in takotsubo syndrome, Rodolfo Citro and Eduardo Bossone 30.8. ECG features and arrhythmias in takotsubo syndrome, Federico Migliore, Sebastiano Gili, and Domenico Corrado 30.9. Co-morbidities in takotsubo syndrome, Ken Kato, Sebastiano Gili, Fabio Fabbian, and Roberto Manfredini 30.10. Management of takotsubo syndrome, John E. Madias 30.11. Takotsubo syndrome complications, outcome, and prognosis, Scott W. Sharkey Section 31 Chronic ischaemic heart disease 31.1. Introduction, William Wijns 31.2. Pathology of Stable Coronary Artery Disease, Michael Joner, Kristin Steigerwald, and Anna Bulin 31.3. Pathophysiology of coronary circulation, Nils Johnson and K. Gould 31.4. Myocardial ischaemia: definition and causes, Filippo Crea and Gaetano Lanza 31.5. Importance of the Coronary Collateral Circulation, Christian Seiler 31.6. Coronary artery disease: from atherosclerosis to obstructive disease, inducible ischaemia, and the ischaemic cascade, Jeroen Bax 31.7. Clinical symptoms of stable ischaemic heart disease, Ulrich Fischer-Rasokat and Christian Hamm 31.8. Non invasive functional evaluation, Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste 31.9. Invasive and non-invasive (computed tomography) angiography, Stephan Achenbach 31.10. Invasive functional evaluation, Keith Oldroyd and Colin Berry 31.11. Intracoronary imaging, Nicola Ryan, Nieves Gonzalo, and Javier Escaned 31.12. Risk stratification and risk scores, Vasim Farooq, Patrick Serruys, and Ply Chichareon 31.13. Medical management: lifestyle and behavioural changes, Nicolas Danchin, Etienne Puymirat, and Nadia Aissaoui 31.14. Medical management: pharmacological therapy, Aviv Shaul and David Hasdai 31.15. Myocardial revascularization: symptomatic and prognostic indications, Jean Claude Tardif, Philippe L'Allier, and Fabien Picard 31.16. Cost Effectiveness, Ruben Osnabrugge and Pieter Kappetein 31.17. Patient Reported Outcome Measures in Cardiovascular Disease, Ran Kornowski and Eli Lev 31.18. Ischaemic heart disease and diabetes, Ruben Osnabrugge and Pieter Kappetein 31.19. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting, Daniele Giacoppo and Robert Byrne 31.20. Refractory angina, Alessia Azzano and Stefan Verheye 31.21. Chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy, Ward Heggermont, Marc Vanderheyden, and Jozef Bartunek 31.22. Microvascular angina, Paolo Camici and Ornella Rimoldi 31.23. Vasospastic angina, Peter Ong and Udo Sechtem Section 32. Myocardial disease 32.1. Introduction, Perry Elliott 32.2. Classification of cardiomyopathies, Eloisa Arbustini, Valentina Favalli, Alessandro Di Toro, Alessandra Serio, and Jagat Narula 32.3. General approach to diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, Claudio Rapezzi and Massimiliano Lorenzini 32.4. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics, Mohammed Akhtar and Luis Lopes 32.5. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and assessment of symptoms, Albert Hagege 32.6. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: medical management of heart failure symptoms and arrhythmias, Iacopo Olivotto 32.7. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: invasive management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, Steve Omen 32.8. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death, Constantinos O'Mahony 32.9. Dilated cardiomyopathy: genetics, Luis Lopes 32.10. Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Clinical diagnosis and medical management, Gianfranco Sinagra, Marco Merlo, and Davide Stolfo 32.11. Dilated cardiomyopathy: management of arrhythmia and prevention of sudden cardiac death, Pier Lambiase and Rui Providencia 32.12. Restrictive cardiomyopathy, Jens Mogensen 32.13. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics, Petros Syrris and Alexandros Protonotarios 32.14. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis, Cristina Basso, Barbara Bauce, and Gaetano Thiene 32.15. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death, Perry Elliott and Alexandros Protonotarios 32.16. Left ventricular non-compaction: genetics and embryology, Pablo Garcia-Pavia and Fernando Dominguez 32.17. Left ventricular non-compaction: diagnosis and clinical management, Jens Mogensen and Torsten B. Rasmussen 32.18. Myocarditis - Aetiology & histopathological diagnosis, Sabine Pankuweit 32.19. Myocarditis - Clinical presentation, Alida Caforio, Renzo Marcolongo, and Sabino Iliceto 32.20. Myocarditis: imaging techniques, Ali Yilmaz and Anca Florian 32.21. Myocarditis - Treatment of myocarditis, Peter Heinz Schultheiss and Felicitas Escher 32.22. The heart in neuromuscular disease: primary mitochondrial diseases, Denis Duboc 32.23. The heart in neuromuscular disease: myotonic dystrophy, Henning Bundgaard, Anna Axelsson, Alex Christensen, and Helle Petri 32.24. The Heart in Neuromuscular disease - Duchenne and Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies, Karim Wahbi 32.25. The heart in inherited metabolic disorders: lysosomal and glycogen storage diseases, Ales Linhart 32.26. Cardiac Amyloidosis, Martha Grogan 32.27. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy, Karen Sliwa and Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner 32.28. Childhood cardiomyopathy, Juan Kaski and Gabrielle Norrish Section 33. Pericardial disease 33.1. Overview of pericardial syndromes, Michael Arad and Yehuda Adler 33.2. Acute and recurrent pericarditis, Massimo Imazio, Fiorenzo Gaita, and Yehuda Adler 33.3. Pericardial effusion, Antonio Brucato and Stefano Maggiolini 33.4. Cardiac tamponade, Arsen D. Ristic, Petar M. Seferovic, Bernhard Maisch, and Vladimir Kanjuh 33.5. Constrictive pericarditis, Antonis Pantazis, Karin Klingel, and Yishay Wasserstrum 33.6. Pericardial masses and congenital abnormalities, Angelos G. Rigopoulos and Hubert Seggewiss 33.7. Pericardial involvement in neoplastic disease, Dor Lotan and Yehuda Adler 33.8. Multimodality imaging of pericardial diseases, Massimo Imazio and Fiorenzo Gaita 33.9. Interventional therapies for pericardial diseases, Bernhard Maisch, Arsen Ristic, Sabine Pankuweit, and Peter Seferovic 33.10. Surgical therapies for pericardial disease, George Krasopoulos 33.11. What nexta Section 34. Tumours of the heart 34.1. Masses and cardiac tumours: classification and diagnosis, Gaetano Thiene, Stefania Rizzo, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Marialuisa Valente, and Cristina Basso 34.2. Benign cardiac tumours, Cristina Basso, Stefania Rizzo, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Marialuisa Valente, and Gaetano Thiene 34.3. Malignant tumours, pericardial tumours, and therapy, Cristina Basso, Stefania Rizzo, Marialuisa Valente, Martina Perazzolo Marra, and Gaetano Thiene Section 35. Valvular heart disease 35.1. Introduction and general comments, Bernard Lung and Pieter Kappetein 35.2. Aortic regurgitation, Pilar Tornos Mas and Emmanuel Lansac 35.3. Aortic stenosis, Helmut Baumgartner and Thomas Walther 35.4. Mitral regurgitation, Raphael Rosenhek and Michele de Bonis 35.5. Mitral stenosis, Alec Vahanian 35.6. Tricuspid regurgitation, Patrizio Lancellotti and Michele de Bonis 35.7. Tricuspid stenosis, Michele DeBonis 35.8. Combined and multiple valve diseases, Michele DeBonis 35.9. Prosthetic valves, Bernard Iung and Johan Sjogren 35.10. Management during non-cardiac surgery, Johan Holm and Bernard Iung 35.11. Management during pregnancy, Johan Holm and Bernard Iung Section 36. Infective endocarditis 36.1. Epidemiology and physiopathology, Bernard Iung 36.2. Diagnosis, Nuria Fernandez-Hidalgo, Maria Nazarena Pizzi, and Pilar Tornos 36.3. Prognosis and complications, Isidre Vilacosta and Carmen Olmos 36.4. Prosthetic valve endocarditis, Jose A. San Roman and Javier Lopez 36.5. Cardiac device-related endocarditis, Maria Grazia Bongiorni and Andrea Di Cori 36.6. Right-sided infective endocarditis, Jose A. San Roman and Javier Lopez 36.7. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Patrizio Lancellotti and Stella Marchetta 36.8. Congenital heart disease, Joey M. Kuijpers, Berto J. Bouma, and Barbara J. M. Mulder 36.9. Indications for surgery: guidelines, Gilbert Habib 36.10. Surgical techniques, Jean-Francois Obadia, Benoit Cosset, and Matteo Pozzi 36.11. Antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of infective endocarditis, Bruno Hoen and Xavier Duval 36.12. Conclusion and future directions, Gilbert Habib Section 37. Heart failure 37.1. Epidemiology of Heart Failure, Theresa McDonagh and Kaushik Guha 37.2. Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFrEF, Pietro Aldo Maggioni and Ovidiu Chioncel 37.3. Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFpEF, Lars Lund and Gianluigi Savarese 37.4. Definitions: quality of life, health, and health-related quality of life, Anna Stromberg and Tiny Jaarsma 37.5. Chronic heart failure diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and the ECG, Pardeep Jhund 37.6. Chronic heart failure diagnosis: HFpEF, Sanjiv Shah and Daniel Silverman 37.7. Chronic heart failure diagnosis: echocardiography, Thomas Marwick 37.8. Chronic heart failure diagnosis: cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, Robert Manka and Sabrina Oebel 37.9. Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Biomarkers, Christian Mueller 37.10. Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Genetics, Perry Elliott 37.11. Estimating prognosis - Prognostic scores, Vasiliki Bistola, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos 37.12. Estimating prognosis - Biomarkers, Arthur Richards 37.13. Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Atrial fibrillation, Dipak Kotecha and Mitja Lainscak 37.14. Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): diabetes mellitus, Mark Petrie and Kieran Doherty 37.15. Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension, Francesco Paneni and Massimo Volpe 37.16. Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Renal dysfunction, Kevin Damman 37.17. Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Anaemia/iron deficiency, Piotr Ponikowski 37.18. Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): obesity, cachexia, sarcopenia, and the impact of nutrition, Stefan Anker and Stephan von Haeling 37.19. Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) a Lung disease 37.20. Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Sleep disordered breathing, Martin Cowie 37.21. Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Cancer, Thomas Suter 37.22. Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): valvular heart disease, Luc Pierard 37.23. HFrEF pharmacological treatment: diuretics, Rhondalyn Forde-McLean and Mariell Jessup 37.24. HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ACEIs and/or ARBs, Marc Pfeffer 37.25. HFrEF pharmacological treatment: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, John McMurray 37.26. HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers, Simon Beggs and Roy Gardner 37.27. HFrEF pharmacological treatment - Ivabradine, Michel Komajda 37.28. HFrEF pharmacological treatment: digitalis glycosides, John Cleland and Yura Mareev 37.29. HFrEF pharmacological treatment - Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate, Faraz Ahmad and Clyde Yancy 37.30. HFrEF other treatment: indications and results of implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy, Valentina Kutyifa 37.31. HFrEF other treatment - Revascularization, Eric Velazquez and Mark Petrie 37.32. HFrEF other treatment: ventricular assist devices, Randall Starling and Emer Joyce 37.33. Advanced Heart Failure other treatment - Transplantation, Peter MacDonald and Kumud Dhital 37.34. HFrEF other treatment: nurse-led heart failure management programmes, Anna Stromberg and Tiny Jaarsma 37.35. HFpEF treatment - Pharmacological therapy, Maja Cikes and Scott Solomon 37.36. Patient monitoring in heart failure, Dirk van Veldhuisen 37.37. Exercise rehabilitation in heart failure, Alan Cohen-Solal 37.38. Palliative care in heart failure, James Beattie 37.39. Acute heart failure - Diagnosis, Adriaan Voors and Piotr Ponikowski 37.40. Acute heart failure - Immediate management/stabilization, Javier Martin-Sanchez, Oscar Miro, and Hector Bueno 37.41. Acute heart failure - Treatment, Dimitrios Farmakis, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos Section 38. Bradycardia 38.1. Introduction, Giuseppe Boriani 38.2. Aetiology and epidemiology of bradyarrhythmias, Fredrik Glader and Cinzia Valzania 38.3. Classification of bradyarrhythmias, Bulent Gorenek and Gulmira Kudaiberdieva 38.4. Methods and tools for the diagnosis of intermittent and persistent bradycardia, Georges H. Mairesse 38.5. Anatomy and physiology of the sinus node, Antonio Zaza 38.6. The sinus node: normal and abnormal chronotropic response and drug effects, Bruce Wilkoff and Corey Coleman 38.7. Sinus node disease: pathophysiology and natural history, Jonathan M. Kalman and Gwilym M. Morris 38.8. Sinus node disease: ECG patterns and diagnosis, Tatjana Potpara 38.9. Sinus node disease: the role of electrophysiological testing, Dominic A. M. J. Theuns 38.10. Atrial tachyarrhythmias in bradycardiaatachycardia syndrome: characterization and evolution 38.11. Anatomy and physiology of the atrioventricular node, M. J. Pekka Raatikainen 38.12. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis, S. Serge Barold 38.13. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: role of electrophysiology testing, Demosthenes G. Katritsis and Mark E. Josephson 38.14. Congenital atrioventricular blocks: clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management, Drago Fabrizio and Battipaglia Irma 38.15. Carotid sinus syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management, Richard Sutton 38.16. Bradycardia in athletes: clinical evaluation and management, Hein Heidbuchel 38.17. Cardiac pacing: basic concepts, Renato Pietro Ricci 38.18. Temporary pacing, Alexander Bauer 38.19. Permanent cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias: device coding, Bela Merkely 38.20. Pacing for bradycardia: device features and algorithms and clinical impact, Jens Cosedis Nielsen and Jens Kristensen 38.21. Electrocardiographic patterns of cardiac pacemakers: normal and abnormal findings, Carsten Israel 38.22. Follow-up of pacemaker patients with bradyarrhythmias: scope of follow-up and organizational issues, Anne M. Gillis 38.23. Pacemakers in children and adolescents, Johannes Sperzel 38.24. Lead management, Jean Claude Deharo 38.25. Electromagnetic interference in pacemaker patients, Jan Steffel 38.26. Pacemaker syndrome, Giuseppe Boriani and Igor Diemberger Section 39. Syncope 39.1. Definition, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology, J. Gert van Dijk and Roland D. Thijs 39.2. Diagnostic evaluation, Frederik J. de Lange and J. Gert van Dijk 39.3. Reflex syncope, Jean-Claude Deharo 39.4. Cardiac syncope, Richard Sutton 39.5. Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Artur Fedorowski 39.6. Unexplained syncope in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death, Vincent Probst and Jean-Baptiste Gourraud 39.7. Recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2018), Michele Brignole Section 40. Supraventricular tachycardias 40.1. Introduction, Carina Blomstrom-Lundqvist 40.2. Epidemiology of supraventricular tachycardias, Gregory Y. H. Lip 40.3. Atrial premature beats, Tatjana Potpara 40.4. Definitions, clinical presentation, symptoms, quality of life, and patient preferences, Tatjana Potpara 40.5. Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias, Haran Burri 40.6. Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias with and without established diagnosis (termination and/or rate regulation of tachycardia), Isabel Deisenhofer 40.7. Management of rapid heartbeats/tachycardias with rhythm or rate control in the absence of ECG-verified diagnosis, Isabel Deisenhofer 40.8. Management of specific supraventricular tachycardias, Isabel Deisenhofer 40.9. Sinus node-related tachycardias: physiological sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinus node reentrant tachycardia, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Brian Olshansky 40.10. Atrial tachycardias: focal and multifocal atrial tachycardias, Pierre Jais and Nicolas Derval 40.11. Atrial tachycardias: macroreentrant atrial tachycardias, CTI-dependent atrial flutter (clockwise, anticlockwise), and non-CTI-dependent macroreentrant atrial tachycardia, Jose L. Merino 40.12. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, Demosthenes G. Katritsis 40.13. Accessory pathways-related tachycardias: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias, Jonathan Chrispin and Hugh Calkins 40.14. Concealed accessory pathways and related tachycardias, Carlo Pappone and Vincenzo Santinelli 40.15. Pre-excitation related to Mahaim physiology, Carlo Pappone and Vincenzo Santinelli 40.16. Asymptomatic pre-excitation, Jonathan Chrispin and Hugh Calkins 40.17. Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, Hildegard Tanner 40.18. Non-reentrant junctional tachycardias, Demosthenes G. Katritsis 40.19. Health economy, Giuseppe Boriani Section 41. Atrial fibrillation 41.1. Introduction, A. John Camm 41.2. Epidemiology, Emelia Benjamin and Darae Ko 41.3. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: electrophysiological basis, Ulrich Schotten 41.4. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: genetics, David O. Arnar and Hilma Holm 41.5. Mechanisms of atrial remodelling, David R. Van Wagoner 41.6. Types of atrial fibrillation, Larissa Fabritz, Ulrich Schotten, and Paulus Kirchhof 41.7. Silent atrial fibrillation, Ben Freedman and Nicole Lowres 41.8. Atrial fibrillation progression and prevention, Justin G. L. M. Luermans, Jordi Heijman, Isabelle C. Van Gelder, and Harry J. G. M. Crijns 41.9. Clinical investigation of patients presenting with atrial fibrillation, Hein Heidbuchel 41.10. Management of acute presentation with atrial fibrillation rate control, Christian Sticherling and Michael Kuehne 41.11. Restoration of sinus rhythm: direct current cardioversion, Riccardo Cappato 41.12. Pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, Irina Savelieva 41.13. Rate control: medical therapy, Isabelle C. Van Gelder, Michiel Rienstra, Laurent Pison, and Harry J. G. M. Crijns 41.14. Rate control: ablation and device therapy (ablate and pace), Maurizio Gasparini and Paola Galimberti 41.15. Rhythm control: antiarrhythmic drugs, Juan Tamargo 41.16. Development of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation and ablation strategies, Gerhard Hindricks, Nikolaos Dagres, Philipp Sommer, and Andreas Bollmann 41.17. Rhythm control: surgical ablation, Chawannuch Ruaengsri, Matthew R. Schill, Richard B. Schuessler, and Ralph J. Damiano, Jr 41.18. Rate versus rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation, Albert L. Waldo 41.19. Follow-up of patients with atrial fibrillation, Jeroen Hendriks 41.20. Stroke risk factors and risk stratification in atrial fibrillation, Gregory Y. H. Lip 41.21. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, Michael D. Ezekowitz and Amanulla N. Khaji 41.22. Bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation, Margaret C. Fang 41.23. Thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: device therapy and surgical techniques, Thorsten Lewalter, Clemens Jilek, and Peter Sick 41.24. Classification and mechanisms of atrial flutter, Eric M. Riles and Melvin Scheinman 41.25. Atrial flutter: clinical presentation, Bhupesh Pathik and Jonathan M. Kalman 41.26. Atrial flutter: management, Tilman Maurer, Christine Lemes, and Karl-Heinz Kuck 41.27. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure, Johannes Brachmann 41.28. Atrial fibrillation and athletes, Eduard Guasch and Lluis Mont 41.29. Atrial fibrillation in the elderly, David Hirsh and Nanette Wenger 41.30. Atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary surgery, Rohan S. Wijesurendra and Barbara Casadei 41.31. Atrial fibrillation and hypertension, Hung-Fat Tse and Jo-Jo Hai 41.32. Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism, Bernadette Biondi 41.33. Atrial fibrillation and obesity, Rajiv Mahajan, Dennis H. Lau, and Prashanthan Sanders 41.34. Atrial fibrillation and sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Jared D. Miller and Hugh G. Calkins 41.35. Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease, Ken Okumura and Hirofumi Tomita 41.36. Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy, Jamie Conti, Mark Panna, and Michael Kaufmann 41.37. Atrial fibrillation associated with adult congenital heart disease, Sunil Kapur and Saurabh Kumar 41.38. Integrated care management in atrial fibrillation, Jeroen Hendriks 41.39. Patient education, Deirdre A. Lane Section 42. Ventricular tachycardia 42.1. Classification of ventricular tachycardias, Nishant Verma and Bradley P. Knight 42.2. Evaluation and acute management of wide QRS complex tachycardia, Sei Iwai and Jason Jacobson 42.3. Classification and treatment of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, Alfred E. Buxton 42.4. Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease: classification, assessment, and initial treatment, Fernando M. Contreras-Valdes and Peter J. Zimetbaum 42.5. Bundle branch reentry tachycardia, Akihiko Nogami 42.6. Electrical storm, Len Ganz 42.7. Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of catheter ablation, Tilman Maurer,William G. Stevenson, and Karl-Heinz Kuck 42.8. Sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and no associated heart disease (idiopathic ventricular tachycardia), Victor Bazan, Enrique Rodriguez-Font, and Francis E. Marchlinski 42.9. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias including torsade de pointes, L. Brent Mitchell Section 43. Sudden Cardiac Death 43.1. Epidemiology and underlying substrates, Harry Rakowski and Arnon Adler 43.2. Arrhythmic mechanisms of sudden cardiac death: bradycardia and tachycardia, Pedro Brugada Terradellas and Juan Sieira 43.3. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in the general population, Efstathios Iliodromitis and Dimitrios Farmaksis 43.4. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy, Nikolaos Dagres and Gerhard Hindricks 43.5. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy, Dietmar Baensch 43.6. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Wilhelm Haverkamp and Philipp Attanasio 43.7. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Firat Duru and Corinna Brunckhorst 43.8. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders, Peter J. Schwartz and Lia Crotti 43.9. New techniques for risk assessment in sudden cardiac death, Juan Fernandez-Armenta, Antonio Berruezo, Juan Acosta, and Diego Penela 43.10. Prevention of sudden cardiac death in the general population, Efstathios Iliodromitis and Dimitrios Farmaksis 43.11. Prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy, Luigi Di Biase, Jorge Romero, Andrea Natale, Ricardo Avendano, and Mario Garcia 43.12. Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy, Jens Cosedis Nielsen and Jens Kristensen 43.13. Primary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, Riccardo Cappato 43.14. Secondary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, Riccardo Cappato 43.15. Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Barry Maron 43.16. Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Wilhelm Haverkamp and Philipp Attanasio 43.17. Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Katja Zeppenfeld and Sebastiaan Piers 43.18. Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Katja Zeppenfeld and Sebastiaan Piers 43.19. Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia, Josep Brugada and Elena Arbelo 43.20. Prevention of sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders, Josep Brugada and Elena Arbelo 43.21. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator, conclusions on sudden cardiac death, and future perspective, Arash Arya Section 44. Systemic hypertension 44.1. Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension, Stefano Taddei, Rosa Bruno, Masi Stefano, and Anna Solini 44.2. Blood pressure measurement in hypertension: definition and classification of blood pressure levels, Gianfranco Parati 44.3. Target organ damage, cardiovascular disease risk, and clinical evaluation of the hypertensive patient, Giovanni De Simone 44.4. Secondary causes of hypertension, Isabella Sudano 44.5. Blood pressure Thresholds for treatment and blood pressure treatment targets in hypertension, Bryan Williams 44.6. Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular prevention, Francesco P Cappuccio 44.7. Drug treatment of hypertension, Michel Burnier, Sverre Kjeldsen, Anthony Heagerty, and Bryan Williams 44.8. Device based treatment for hypertension, Felix Mahfoud 44.9. Hypertension in Specific conditions / comorbidities, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, and Massimo Salvetti 44.10. Hypertension in Special situations, Thomas Kahan Part 4 Vascular disease Section 45. Pulmonary Hypertension 45.1. Introduction, Marc Humbert 45.2. Pulmonary hypertension: definition, Stephan Rosenkranz 45.3. Pulmonary hypertension: epidemiology, Rogerio Souza, Jose Leonidas Alves, and Susana Hoette 45.4. Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Pulmonary Hypertension, Christophe Guignabert, Ly Tu, Alice Huertas, and Marc Humbert 45.5. Pulmonary hypertension genes as major diagnostic tools, Florent Soubrier, Melanie Eyries, Barbara Girerd, David Montani, David Tregouet, and Marc Humbert 45.6. Mechanisms of right ventricular failure, Joanne Groeneveldt, Anton Vonk Noordegraaf, and Frances de Man 45.7. Clinical Presentation of Pulmonary Hypertension, Marion Delcroix and Catharina Belge 45.8. Life-threatening complications of pulmonary hypertension, Marion Delcroix and Catharina Belge 45.9. Pulmonary hypertension: clinical classification, Rogerio Souza, Francisca Oleas, and Caio Fernandes 45.10. Echocardiographic findings in pulmonary hypertension, Adam Torbicki 45.11. Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension, John Coghlan 45.12. Diagnosis and clinical Investigation of patients presenting with pulmonary hypertension, Rogerio Souza, Daniela Calderaro, and Luis Felipe Prada 45.13. Management of pulmonary hypertension - Basic treatment, Stephan Rosenkranz 45.14. Management of pulmonary hypertension: targeted therapies, Nazzareno Galie, Alessandra Manes, and Massimiliano Palazzini 45.15. Management of pulmonary hypertension - Treatment algorithm, Nazzareno Galie, Alessandra Manes, and Massimiliano Palazzini 45.16. Lung transplantation in pulmonary arterial hypertension, Laurent Savale 45.17. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Rogerio Souza, Carlos Jardim, and Luciana Morinaga 45.18. Heritable pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Nicholas Morrell and Charaka Hadinnapola 45.19. Pulmonary arterial Hypertension induced by drugs and toxins, Irene Lang and Meinhard Kneussl 45.20. Pulmonary arterial Hypertension associated with connective tissue disease, Chris Denton 45.21. Portopulmonary Hypertension, Olivier Sitbon and Laurent Savale 45.22. Pulmonary arterial Hypertension associated with congenital heart diseases, Michael Gatzoulis, Margarita Brida, and Michel Gatzoulis 45.23. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension associated with HIV infection, Olivier Sitbon 45.24. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and/or pulmonary capillary haemangiomatois, David Montani, Barbara Girerd, Edmund Lau, and Marc Humbert 45.25. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases, Jean-Luc Vachiery 45.26. Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung diseases, Ari Chaouat, Anne Guillaumot, Emmanuel Gomez, Olivier Huttin, Christine Suty-Selton, and Francois Chabot 45.27. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Gerald Simonneau 45.28. 'Group 5' pulmonary hypertension due to multiple and/or unclear mechanisms, Andrew Peacock 45.29. Referral centres and patient education, Simon Gibbs 45.30. Genetic counselling in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, David Montani, Barbara Girerd, and Marc Humbert 45.31. Risk assessment and treatment goals in patients presenting with pulmonary arterial hypertension, Marius Hoeper 45.32. Conclusion, Marc Humbert Section 46. Diseases of the aorta 46.1. Introduction, Raimund Erbel 46.2. The normal aorta, Raimund Erbel 46.3. Aortic aneurysm - Thoracic aortic aneurysm - Diagnostic approach, Oliver Gaemperli and Udo Sechtem 46.4. Aortic aneurysm - Thoracic aortic aneurysm - Therapeutic options, Axel Haverich and Andreas Martens 46.5. Aortic aneurysm - Aortic arch aneurysms, Roberto Bartolomeo, Alessandro Leone, Luca Di Marco, and Davide Pacini 46.6. Aortic aneurysm - Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Diagnostic Approach, Regula von Allmen 46.7. Aortic aneurysm - Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Therapeutic options, Regula von Allmen 46.8. Aortic sclerosis - Clinical signs and diagnosis, Yuvrajsinh Parmar and I. Kronzon 46.9. Aortic sclerosis - Therapy, Raimund Erbel 46.10. Acute aortic syndrome - Diagnostic strategy and clinical features, Riccardo Gorla, Eduardo Bossone, and Raimund Erbel 46.11. Acute aortic syndrome: emerging role of biomarkers, Toru Suzuki, Riccardo Gorla, and Eduardo Bossone 46.12. Acute aortic syndrome - Aortic dissection - Ascending aortic dissection, Christoph Starck, Robert Hammerschmidt, and Volkmar Falk 46.13. Acute aortic syndrome - Aortic dissection - Descending aortic dissection, Rachel Clough, Xun Yuan, and Chirstoph Nienaber 46.14. Acute aortic syndrome - Intramural Haematoma, Jae-Kwan Song 46.15. Penetrating aortic ulcer, Arturo Evangelista and Jose Rodriguez-Palomares 46.16. Acute aortic syndrome - Traumatic aortic injury, Johnny Steuer and Mario Lachat 46.17. Acute aortic syndrome - latrogenic aortic trauma, Ivan Nunez-Gil and Gisela Feltes 46.18. Genetic diseases of the aorta - Chromosomal and inherited diseases, Dorien Schepers and Bart Loeys 46.19. Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases related to Marfan syndrome and other genetic abnormalities, Bernard Lung 46.20. Genetic diseases of the aorta - Aortic diseases associated with bicuspid aortic valves, Folkert Meijboom and Gertjan Sieswerda 46.21. Aortitis - infectious and non-infectious diseases, Rosangela Cocchia, Riccardo Gorla, and Eduardo Bossone 46.22. Aortic tumor, Francesca Urgnani and Vicente Riambau 46.23. Long-term follow-up in patients with aortic diseases, Udo Sechtem and Oliver Gaemperli 46.24. Aortic centres, Raimund Erbel Section 47. Trauma to the cardiovascular system 47.1. Trauma to the cardiovascular system, Ibrahim Akin and Christoph A. Nienaber Section 48. Non-cardiac surgery 48.1. Introduction and epidemiology, Hans Erik Botker 48.2. Preoperative evaluation: surgical risk for cardiac events and functional capacity risk indices, Jose Gonzalez-Juanatey 48.3. Preoperative evaluation - Biomarkers, Emmanuelle Duceppe and P.J. Devereaux 48.4. Preoperative evaluation - Non Invasive testing, Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste 48.5. Preoperative evaluation - Angiography, Hans Erik Botker 48.6. Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management of cardiovascular medication, Emmanuelle Duceppe and P.J. Devereaux 48.7. Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management in patients on antithrombotic therapy, Steen Kristensen, Michael Maeng, and Kurt Huber 48.8. Risk reduction strategies: coronary revascularization before non-cardiac surgery, Marco Roffi and Fabio Rigamonti 48.9. Specific diseases: chronic heart failure/hypertension, Rodrigo Modolo and Ana Paula de Faria 48.10. Specific diseases: valvular heart disease, Bernard Iung and Luc Pierard 48.11. Specific diseases: arrhythmias, Susanna Price and Evi Christodoulou 48.12. Specific diseases: renal disease, Susanna Price 48.13. Specific diseases: stroke, Marco Roffi 48.14. Specific diseases: pulmonary diseases, Susanna Price 48.15. Perioperative monitoring: transoesophageal echocardiography, Luc Pierard 48.16. Perioperative Monitoring - Right Heart catherization, Susanna Price 48.17. Perioperative monitoring: glycaemic control, Susanna Price 48.18. Perioperative monitoring: anaesthesiology, Stefan De Hert 48.19. Conclusions and recommendations, Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste Section 49. Peripheral arterial diseases 49.1. Introduction, V Aboyans 49.2. Epidemiology and risk factors, Marie-Louise Bartelink 49.3. General aspects, Lucia Mazzolai 49.4. Antithrombotic drugs in peripheral arterial diseases, Jean Philippe Collet 49.5. Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease, Ross Naylor 49.6. Upper extremity artery disease, Tina Conhert 49.7. Mesenteric artery disease, Martin Bjorck 49.8. Renal artery disease, Charalambos Vlachopoulos 49.9. Lower extremity artery disease, Marianne Brodmann 49.10. Multisite artery disease, Marco DeCarlo 49.11. Cardiac conditions in peripheral arterial diseases, Michal Tendera 49.12. Gaps in evidence, JB Ricco Section 50. Venous thromboembolism 50.1. Introduction, Stavros Konstantinides 50.2. Epidemiology and socioeconomic consequences of venous thromboembolism, Alexander Cohen, Marjolein Brekelmans, and Carlos Martinez 50.3. Predisposing factors for first and recurrent venous thrombosis, Willem Lijfering and Suzanne Cannegieter 50.4. Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism, Dieuwertje Ruigrok and Anton Vonk Noordegraaf 50.5. Diagnosis - clinical prediction rules and laboratory tests, Piotr Pruszczyk 50.6. Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism and evolving imaging modalities, Helia Robert-Ebadi, Gregoire Le Gal, and Marc Righini 50.7. Prognostic assessment, Cecilia Becattini and Giancarlo Agnelli 50.8. Treatment - haemodynamic and respiratory support, Thomas Vanassche and Peter Verhamme 50.9. Treatment - anticoagulation, Cecilia Becattini and Giancarlo Agnelli 50.10. Treatment - thrombolysis, Guy Meyer 50.11. Treatment: catheter-based intervention and inferior vena cava filters, Ronald Winokur and Akhilesh Sista 50.12. Management of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy, Thijs van Mens and Saskia Middeldrop 50.13. Management of pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer, Cihan Ay and Florian Posch 50.14. Risk of recurrence and optimal duration of anticoagulation, Marc Rodger, Lisa Duffett, and Faizan Khan 50.15. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Irene Lang,Walter Klepetko, and Hiromi Matsubara Section 51. Venous disease 51.1. Epidemiology and classification of venous disease, Eberhard Rabe and Felizitas Pannier 51.2. Imaging for venous thrombosis, Frederikus Klok, Charlotte Dronkers, and Menno Huisman 51.3. Venous recanalisation, Jochen Grommes 51.4. Varicose veins, Roshan Bootun, Tristan Lane, and Alun H. Davies 51.5. Chronic venous insufficiency and post-thrombotic syndrome, Robert Eberhardt and Joseph Raffetto PART 5. Specific populations - gender and race Section 52. Cardiovascular disease in women 52.1. Background, JoAnn E. Manson and Mariana Garcia 52.2. Sex and gender differences overview, Eva Prescott 52.3. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, Karin Schenck-Gustafsson 52.4. Non-traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors unique to or predominant in women, Angela H. E. M. Maas 52.5. Cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines, Janet Wei 52.6. Ischaemic heart disease in women, Martha Gulati 52.7. Heart failure in women, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek 52.8. Valvular heart disease, Sharon Mulvagh 52.9. Cardiac rehabilitation, Puja K. Mehta 52.10. Peripheral arterial disease in women, Mariana Garcia 52.11. Future directions, C. Noel Bairey Merz Section 53. Pregnancy and heart disease 53.1a. General considerations, Janet Wei and C. Noel Bairey Merz 53.1b. Pregnancy risk assessment, Petronella Pieper 53.2. Gynaecological, obstetric, and neonatological aspects, Lisa-Antonia Droege and Wolfgang Henrich 53.3a. Congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, Jolien Roos-Hesselink and Annemien van den Bosch 53.3b. Aortic diseases, Bernard Iung 53.4. Valvular heart disease, Petronella G. Pieper and Bernard Iung 53.5. Ischaemic heart disease in pregnancy, Angela H. E. M. Maas 53.6. Arrhythmias in pregnancy, Bozena Ostrowska, Barbara Kommata, Helena Malmborg, and Carina Blomstrom Lundqvist 53.7. Cardiomyopathies and heart failure, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek 53.8. Hypertensive disorders, Renata Cifkova 53.9. Venous thromboembolism in the peripartum period, Karen Sliwa and Mark R. Johnson 53.10. Drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, Stefan Verlohren Section 54. Ethnicity 54.1. Global perspectives of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, Amitava Banerjee 54.2. Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factors, Nizal Sarrafzadegan and Farzad Masoudkabir 54.3. Ethnicity and coronary artery disease, Adam Timmis 54.4. Ethnicity and hypertension, Bert-Jan van den Born and Charles Agyemang 54.5. Ethnicity and cardiac arrhythmias, Tatjana Potpara 54.6. Ethnicity and heart failure, Amitava Banerjee 54.7. Ethnicity and inherited cardiac disease, Larissa Fabritz 54.8. Ethnic differences in responses to cardiovascular drugs, Bernard M. Y. Cheung and Esther W. Chan PART 6. Other aspects Section 55. Sports and heart disease 55.1. Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise and sport (according to type of sport, gender, and ethnicity), Michael Papadakis and Sanjay Sharma 55.2. Clinical assessment of the athleteas heart: normal and abnormal ECGs in athletes 55.3. Imaging testing for differential diagnosis of the athlete's heart from structural cardiac diseases, Antonio Pelliccia and Stefano Caselli 55.4. Sudden cardiac death in athletes: implications for pre-participation evaluation and safety in sport arenas, Eduard Guasch, Hein Heidbuchel, and Lluis Mont 55.5. Exercise and sport in the management of cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension), Massimo Piepoli Section 56. Elderly 56.1. Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly with cardiovascular diseases, Tomasz Grodzicki, Karolina Piotrowicz, and Jonna Sulicka 56.2. Palliative and end-of-life care in elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease, Piotr Sobanski 56.3. Dementia and cardiovascular diseases, Timo Strandberg and Tuomo Nieminen 56.4. Frailty, sarcopenia, and falls in cardiovascular disease, Antonio Cherubini and Massimiliano Fedecostante 56.5. Socioeconomic issues and cardiovascular disease (with emphasis on the caregivers), Nicola Veronese, Ludovico Carrino, and Stefania Maggi 56.6. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in cardiovascular disease, Andreas Schoenenberger 56.7. Degenerative cardiovascular disease in elderly, Edgar Argulian 56.8. Lessons from European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, Stefano Rimoldi 56.9. Arterial stiffness: from isolated systolic hypertension to syncope, Jerzy Gasowski, Chirag Bavishi, and Franz Messerli 56.10. Arterial stiffness: from isolated systolic hypertension to syncope, Joanna Kostka, Malgorzata Koziarska-Rosciszewska, and Tomasz Kostka 56.11. Interventions in the elderly: special considerations, Adrian Messerli and Khaled Ziada Section 57. Precision medicine 57.1. Personalized medicine: an introduction, Paulus Kirchhof 57.2. Personalized management of coronary artery disease, T. Kessler and Heribert Schunkert 57.3. Disease mechanisms guiding therapy, Karin Sipido and Tom Guzik 57.4. Personalised management of atrial fibrillation, Larissa Fabritz, Eduard Guasch, Moritz Sinner, and Paulus Kirchhof 57.5. Individualized valve therapy, Stephan Baldus and Henrik ten Freyhaus 57.6. Genetically-modified animals as tools to personalize the study of arrhythmia mechanisms and treatment, Marina Cerrone, Morten Schak Nielsen, and Mario Delmar 57.7. Opportunities for personalized approaches in heart failure, Simon de Denus, Marie-Pierre Dube, and Jean-Claude Tardif 57.8. Personalized Therapies for Cardiac Channelopathies, Andrea Mazzanti and Silvia Priori Section 58. Decision-making and Heart Team 58.1. The Heart Team: introduction, Vasim Farooq and Patrick W. Serruys 58.2. Heart Teams in coronary artery disease, Vasim Farooq 58.3. Decision-making and Heart Teams in valvular heart disease: the transcatheter aortic valve implantation team model, Mohammad Abdelghani, Fahd Makhdom, and Nicolo Piazza 58.4. Heart Teams in atrial fibrillation, Manuel Castella, Hans-Christoph Diener, Gerhard Hindricks, and Paulus Kirchhof 58.5. Heart Teams in grown-up congenital heart disease, Mohammad Abdelghani, Martina Nassif, Nico A. Blom, David R. Koolbergen, Barbara J. M. Mulder, and Robbert J. de Winter 58.6. The Heart Team: conclusions and future perspectives, Andras P. Durko, Stuart J. Head, and David P. Taggart Section 59. Psychological factors and heart disease 59.1. Introduction, Susanne Pedersen 59.2. Psychological factors and incident heart disease, Susanne Pedersen 59.3. Psychological impact of heart disease, Frank Doyle 59.4. Impact of psychological factors on outcomes, Nina Kupper and Johan Denollet 59.5. Mechanisms: psychological factors and outcomes, Roland von Kaenel and Christian Albus 59.6. The wider psychosocial context, Johan Denollet 59.7. Interventions: what works for whom?, Matt Burg 59.8. Clinical implications and future perspectives, Kim Smolderen 59.9. Conclusions, Susanne Pedersen 59.10. Likely developments over the next 5-10 years, Susanne Pedersen 59.11. Personal perspective, Susanne Pedersen Section 60. Interpretation of clinical trials 60.1. Trial Design from a Clinical Perspective, John Cleland 60.2. Clinical Trial Design: Statistical Issues, Tim Friede 60.3. Reporting Cardiovascular Clinical Trials, Muthiah Vaduganathan and Scott Solomon 60.4. Principles and methods of intervention research, Jan Tijssen 60.5. Interpretation, Pardeep Jhund and John McMurray 60.6. Meta-analysis, Colin Baigent and Natalie Staplin Section 61. Environment 61.1. Summary, Thomas Munzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sorensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook 61.2. Introduction, Thomas Munzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sorensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook 61.3. Pathophysiology of noise-induced cardiovascular diseases, Thomas Munzel and Mette Sorensen 61.4. Pathophysiology of air pollution-mediated cardiovascular events, Robert D. Brook, David Newby, and Sanjay Rajagopalan 61.5. Epidemiology of traffic noise and cardiometabolic disease, Mette Sorensen and Thomas Munzel 61.6. Epidemiology of air pollution and cardiometabolic diseases, Robert D. Brook, David Newby, and Sanjay Rajagopalan 61.7. Strategies to mitigate cardiovascular effects of noise and air pollution, Thomas Munzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sorensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook 61.8. Future perspectives, Thomas Munzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sorensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook 61.9. Conclusions, Thomas Munzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sorensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook 61.10. Development and challenges over the next decade, Thomas Munzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sorensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook Section 62. Occupational and regulatory aspects 62.1. Occupational risk factors for heart disease, Demosthenes G. Katritsis, Mark Anderson, and Michael M. Webb-Peploe 62.2. Regulations concerning individual risk and public safety, Demosthenes G. Katritsis, Mark Anderson, and Michael M. Webb-Peploe Section 63. Economics and cost-effectiveness 63.1. Introduction to health economics and cost-effectiveness of cardiovascular prevention, Lorenzo Mantovani 63.2. Health and economic impact of non-adherence to preventative cardiovascular medicines, Dyfrig Hughes 63.3. Economics of new therapies in electrophysiology, Giuseppe Boriani, Lucia D'Angiolella, and Fabiana Madotto 63.4. Medical economics and interventional cardiology, Zaher Fanari, Sandra Weiss, and William S. Weintraub 63.5. Economics of new therapies for heart failure, rial fibrillation, and hypercholesterolaemia, Lorenzo Mantovani and Lucia S. D'Angiolella PART 7. Appendices A.1. Cardiovascular disease risk estimation, Ian Graham, Marie Therese Cooney, Dirk De Bacquer, and Maryam Kavousi A.2. Patient reported outcome measures, Polly Mitchell, Andrew Wragg, and Adam Timmis