Military Communications in the Future Battlefield

Description

Military Communications in the Future Battlefield Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Information-Centric Warfare 1.1.1 Two-Sided War Games in the Development of Operational Excellence and Future Capability Requirements 1.1.2 Characteristics of Future Operating Environments 1.2 Implications of Technology Development on Command and Control Functionality 1.2.1 Implications of Cross-Cutting Technologies on Command and Control Functionality 1.2.2 Command and Control in Network-Centric Environment Challenged by Autonomous Systems and Cyber Activities 1.3 Contents of the Following Chapters in This Book References 2 Scenario-Based Capability Planning in C2 Context 2.1 C2-Related Definitions 2.2 C2 and Network-Centric Warfare 2.3 Capability-Based Planning and Threat-Based Planning 2.4 Capability-Based and Threat-Based Planning from the C2 Perspective 2.5 Key Military Definitions from an Operational Perspective 2.6 Joint Capability Areas 2.7 Joint Capability Areas in Identification of the Most Important Requirements 2.8 Military Communications Scenario in the Future Battlefield 2.8.1 Characteristics of a Military Communications Scenario in Scarcely Populated Areas 2.8.2 Characteristics of a Military Communications Scenario in Rural Areas 2.8.3 Characteristics of a Military Communications Scenario in Suburban Areas 2.8.4 Characteristics of a Military Communications Scenario in Urban Areas 2.8.5 Description of Fictitious Military Communications Scenario in the Future Battlefield References 3 Communications Systems 3.1 Requirements for Military Communications 3.1.1 Command-on-the-Move 3.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 3.1.3 Importance of Redundancy, Radio Silence, and Several Communications Alternatives 3.2 Communications Chain 3.2.1 Communications Transmitters 3.2.2 Communications Receivers 3.2.3 Spread Spectrum Systems 3.2.4 Communications Antennas 3.3 Generic Parameters and Characteristics of Selected Civilian Communications Systems and Military Radios 3.3.1 Military Communications Systems 3.3.2 Short-Range Civilian Communications Systems 3.3.3 Long-Range Cellular Communications Sys References 4 Situational and Context Awareness 4.1 Context Awareness 4.2 Interaction with Smart Objects in Location- and AR-Based Applications 4.2.1 Close-Range Interaction with Smart Objects 4.2.2 Short-Range Interaction with Smart Objects 4.2.3 Long-Range Interaction with Smart Objects 4.3 Location-Based AR Applications 4.4 Dual-Use AI-Supported Situational Awareness 4.5 Context-Aware Military AR Applications for Improved Situational Awareness 4.5.1 Situational Awareness Support Based on AR 4.5.2 AR Support for Finding Communications Opportunities References 5 Radio Wave Propagation 5.1 RF Propagation Phenomena in Wireless Communications Medi 5.2 Trade-Offs Between Frequency, Antenna Size, and Node Mobility 5.3 Radio Horizon and Fresnel Zones 5.4 Receiver Sensitivity and Quality of Service as Measures of Performance 5.5 Coarse- and Fine-Grained Calculation of Radio Coverages 5.6 Selection of Radio Wave Propagation Equations and Models 5.6.1 Free-Space Path Loss 5.6.2 Plane Earth Propagation Model 5.6.3 Egli Propagation Model 5.6.4 Okumura-Hata Model 5.6.5 COST 231-Hata Model References 6 Wireless Sensor Networ 6.1 Building Blocks of Sensor Networks 6.2 Sensor Types 6.3 Sensor Network Intelligence 6.3.1 WSN Example of Enemy Vehicle Detection 6.3.2 WSN Example of Data Collection in the Distributed WSN 6.3.3 Use of Several Sensors in Sensor Network Intelligence 6.4 Utilization of Information Collected by Sensor Networks in Commanding Various Actors on the Battlefield 6.5 Energy Issues of WSNs 6.6 Security, Robustness, and Reliability of WSNs 6.7 IoT’S Role in Both WSNs and Communications 6.7.1 Case Studies of IoT 6.7.2 Implications of Developments of Other Technologies on IoT 6.7.3 Energy Issues in IoT Networks 6.7.4 Military Procurement of IoT Type of Technologies 6.7.5 Big Data and Cyber Issues in IoT Networks References 7 Software-Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio 7.1 Spectrum Management of Military and Civilian Users 7.2 Software-Defined Radio 7.3 System-On-Chip as Modern Software-Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio Platform 7.4 Cognitive Radio 7.5 Challenges on Software-Defined Radio Interoperability 7.6 Software-Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio Research and Development Directions 7.7 Military Software-Defined Radio 7.8 Military Cognitive Radio References 8 Unmanned Aerial and Ground Platform 8.1 Different Case Studies of Data Collection 8.2 Development of Unmanned Systems in the Medium Term 8.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 8.3.1 Benefits of UAVs versus UGVs 8.3.2 ISR, Logistics, and Engagement Applications Using UAVs 8.3.3 Communications Applications Using UAVs 8.4 Unmanned Ground Vehicles 8.4.1 Communications Applications of UGVs 8.4.2 UGVs and Development of Robotics 8.4.3 Challenges in the Land Domain for UGVs 8.5 Examples of Unmanned Platforms with Generic Characteristics 8.5.1 Examples of UGV Characteristics 8.5.2 Examples of UAV Characteristics 8.6 Command and Control Cases 8.7 Autonomy, Teaming, and Swarming of Unmanned Platforms References 9 Analysis of Selected Communications Alternatives Related to Scenario 9.1 Examples of Military Communications Needs, Linkages to Capability Areas, and Operational Risks Due to Communications 9.2 Scenario-Based Iteration of Requirements of the Defense System 9.3 Introduction of Military Communications Alternatives 9.3.1 Wired Communications Between Nodes Using Civilian Communications Networks 9.3.2 Wired Communications between Nodes by Building Wired Military Communications Networks 9.3.3 Wired Communications from Sender to Radio Mast That Deliver Messages in the Air Using Radio Waves 9.3.4 Wired Communications from Sender to UAV Relay, Aerostat, or Balloon That Delivers Messages in the Air Using Radio Wa 9.3.5 Wireless Communications between Nodes Using Civilian Communications Networks 9.3.6 Wireless Communications between Nodes Using Military Communications Networks in Different Frequency Bands 9.3.7 Wireless Communications from Sender to UAV Relay, Aerostat, or Balloon 9.3.8 Wireless Optical Communications between Nodes Using Military Communications Networks in Different Wavelengths 9.3.9 Wireless Optical Communications from Sender to UAV Relay, Aerostat, or Balloon 9.3.10 Utilization of Heterogeneous Networks in the Transmission of Messages 9.3.11 Left-Behind Location-Specific Messages for the Second Phase of Blue Units 9.3.12 Physical Delivery of the Message from the Sender to Recipient by the Messenge 9.3.13 Physical Delivery of the Message from the Sender to Recipient by UAV or UGV 9.4 Qualitative Factors in Evaluation of Communications Alternatives 9.4.1 Robustness Factor 9.4.2 Security Factor 9.4.3 Capacity Factor 9.4.4 Time Advance Factor 9.4.5 Discussion of Qualitative Factors 9.4.6 Importance of Operational Tempo in Evaluation of Communications Alternatives 9.5 Quantitative Estimation of Communications Ranges Based on Propagation Models and Public Sources 9.6 Analysis of Selected Communications Alternatives in Scenario 9.6.1 Analysis of Part 1 9.6.2 Analysis of Part 2 9.6.3 Analysis of Part 3 9.6.4 Further Steps for Improving Operational Trade-Off Analysis 10 Conclusion 10.1 Importance of Foresight in Capability Planning and the Role of Information 10.2 Evolving C2 in the Future Battlefield 10.3 Future Warfare and Nature of Battle 10.4 Coexistence of Legacy and Sophisticated Communications Systems 10.5 Understanding of Radio Wave Propagation in Operating Areas and Accurate Mapping of the Environment 10.6 Convergence of Sensors, Actors, and Communications Nodes 10.7 Spectrum Management and Sophisticated Forms of Military Radios 10.8 Alternative Forms of Military Communications Need Input from Operational Excellence 10.9 Low-Power Military Communications and LPI Requirements 10.10 Unmanned Systems and Autonomy 10.11 Future Directions Acronyms and Abbreviati Bibliography About the Author Index