Lilleys Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice 4e

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Front Cover IFC Lilley's Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice TABLE OF CONTENTS Lilley's Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice Copyright ABOUT THE AUTHORS REVIEWERS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS 1 - Pharmacology Basics 1 - Nursing Practice in Canada and Drug Therapy OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS OF DATA NURSING DIAGNOSES PLANNING Goals and Expected Patient Outcome Criteria IMPLEMENTATION Right Drug Right Dose Right Time Right Route Right Patient Right Reason Right Documentation Medication Errors EVALUATION EVIDENCE-INFORMED PRACTICE REFERENCES 2 - Pharmacological Principles OVERVIEW PHARMACEUTICS PHARMACOKINETICS Absorption Route Distribution Metabolism Excretion Half-Life Onset, Peak, and Duration PHARMACODYNAMICS Mechanism of Action Receptor Interactions Enzyme Interactions Nonselective Interactions PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS Types of Therapy Acute Therapy Maintenance Therapy Supplemental Therapy Palliative Therapy Supportive Therapy Prophylactic Therapy and Empirical Therapy Monitoring Therapeutic Index Drug Concentration Patient’s Condition Tolerance and Dependence Interactions Adverse Drug Events Other Drug Effects PHARMACOGNOSY PHARMACOECONOMICS TOXICOLOGY SUMMARY REFERENCE 3 - Legal and Ethical Considerations LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS Canadian Drug and Related Legislation Canadian Food and Drugs Act Controlled Drugs and Substances Act NEW DRUG DEVELOPMENT HEALTH CANADA DRUG APPROVAL PROCESS Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug Studies Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV Special Access Programme Patient Access to and Costs of Prescription Drugs Drug Advertising LEGAL NURSING CONSIDERATIONS AND DRUG THERAPY ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Ethical Nursing Considerations and Drug Therapy REFERENCES 4 - Patient-Focused Considerations OVERVIEW 4 Drug Therapy During Pregnancy Drug Therapy During Breastfeeding Considerations for Children: Neonatal and Pediatric Patients Physiology and Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Dosage Calculations for Pediatric Patients Considerations for Older Adult Patients Issues in Clinical Drug Use in Older Adults Physiological Changes Pharmacokinetics . Absorption in older adults can be altered by many mechanisms. Advancing age results in reduced absorption of both dietary nutr... . The distribution of medications throughout the body is also different in older adults. There seems to be a gradual reduction i... . Metabolism declines with advancing age. The transformation of active drugs into inactive metabolites is performed primarily by... . Kidney function declines in roughly two-thirds of older adults. A reduction in the glomerular filtration rate of 40 to 50%, co... Problematic Medications for Older Adults Ethnocultural Considerations Ethnocultural Influences and Genetics on Drug Response Ethnocultural Nursing Considerations and Drug Therapy Pediatric Considerations Older Adult Considerations Ethnocultural Considerations Maintaining Health Protecting Health Restoring Health ?Nursing Diagnoses: Age-Related ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation ?Nursing Diagnoses: Ethnocultural ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 5 - Gene Therapy and Pharmacogenomics OVERVIEW BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC INHERITANCE DISCOVERY, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION OF DNA Protein Synthesis Human Genome Project GENE THERAPY Background Description Limitations Current Application Regulatory and Ethical Issues of Gene Therapy PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS DNA Microarray Technology APPLICATION OF GENETIC PRINCIPLES AS A RESULT OF DRUG THERAPY AND THE NURSING PROCESS REFERENCE 6 - Medication Errors: Preventing and Responding GENERAL IMPACT OF ERRORS ON PATIENTS MEDICATION ERRORS ISSUES CONTRIBUTING TO ERRORS Organizational Issues Educational System Issues and Their Potential Impact on Medication Errors Medication Errors and Related Sociological Factors PREVENTING, RESPONDING TO, REPORTING, AND DOCUMENTING MEDICATION ERRORS: A NURSING PERSPECTIVE Preventing Medication Errors Responding to, Reporting, and Documenting Medication Errors Performing Medication Reconciliation OTHER ETHICAL ISSUES Notification of Patients Regarding Errors Possible Consequences of Medication Errors for Nurses SUMMARY REFERENCES 7 - Patient Education and Drug Therapy OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING NEEDS REGARDING DRUG THERAPY NURSING DIAGNOSES REGARDING LEARNING NEEDS AND DRUG THERAPY PLANNING REGARDING LEARNING NEEDS AND DRUG THERAPY IMPLEMENTATION REGARDING DRUG THERAPY EVALUATION OF PATIENT LEARNING REGARDING DRUG THERAPY REFERENCES 8 - Over-the-Counter Drugs and Natural Health Products OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCTS History Consumer Use of Natural Health Products Safety Level of Use Medical Use of Marihuana ?NURSING PROCESS ?Over-the-Counter Drugs ?Natural Health Products ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 9 - Vitamins and Minerals OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT NURSING DIAGNOSES PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION REFERENCES 10 - Principles of Drug Administration ENTERAL DRUGS Administering Oral Drugs Oral Medications Sublingual and Buccal Medications Liquid Medications Oral Medications for Infants and Children Administering Drugs Through a Nasogastric or Gastrostomy Tube Administering Rectal Drugs Administering Vaginal Medications Creams, Foams, or Gels Applied With an Applicator Suppositories or Vaginal Tablets PARENTERAL DRUGS Preparing for Parenteral Drug Administration Removing Medications from Ampoules Removing Medications from Vials Injections Overview Needle Insertion Angles for Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, and Intradermal Injections Air-Lock Technique Intradermal Injection Subcutaneous Injections Insulin Syringes Intramuscular Injections Z-Track Method Ventrogluteal Site Vastus Lateralis Site Deltoid Site Preparing Intravenous Medications Infusions of Intravenous Piggyback Medications Intravenous Push Medications Intravenous Push Medications Through a Peripheral Intravenous Lock Intravenous Push Medications Through an Existing Infusion After Injecting an Intravenous Push Medication TOPICAL DRUGS Administering Eye Medications Eye Drops Eye Ointment After Instilling Eye Medications Administering Eardrops Administering Nasal Medications Nasal Drops Nasal Spray After Administration of Nasal Medicines Administering Inhaled Drugs Metered-Dose Inhalers Small-Volume Nebulizers Administering Medications to the Skin Lotions, Creams, Ointments, and Powders Transdermal Patches After Administering Topical Skin Preparations REFERENCES 2 - Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 11 - Analgesic Drugs OVERVIEW TREATMENT OF PAIN IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS OPIOID DRUGS Chemical Structure Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Laboratory Test Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Opioid Agonists ?morphine sulphate ?codeine sulphate/phosphate ?fentanyl ?meperidine hydrochloride ?methadone hydrochloride Opioid Agonist–Antagonists Opioid Antagonists ?naloxone hydrochloride ?naltrexone hydrochloride ?oxycodone hydrochloride NONOPIOID AND MISCELLANEOUS ANALGESICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions ?DRUG PROFILES ?acetaminophen ?tramadol hydrochloride ?lidocaine, transdermal ?NURSING PROCESS ?ASSESSMENT ?Nonopioids ?Opioids ?Opioid Agonist–Antagonists Opioid Antagonists ?NURSING DIAGNOSES ?PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?IMPLEMENTATION ?Nonopioids ?Opioids ?Opioid Agonist–Antagonists ?Opioid Antagonists ?General Considerations ?EVALUATION PATIENT TEACHING TIPS REFERENCES 12 - General and Local Anaesthetics OVERVIEW GENERAL ANAESTHETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES isoflurane sevoflurane ?ketamine hydrochloride nitrous oxide ?propofol ?dexmedetomidine DRUGS FOR PROCEDURAL SEDATION LOCAL ANAESTHETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions ?DRUG PROFILES NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose ?INTERACTIONS ?DOSAGES ?DRUG PROFILES Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 13 - Central Nervous System Depressants and Muscle Relaxants OVERVIEW PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP BENZODIAZEPINES AND MISCELLANEOUS HYPNOTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions ?DRUG PROFILES Benzodiazepines diazepam Dosages lorazepam midazolam Nonbenzodiazepines zolpidem tartrate zopiclone BARBITURATES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages OVER-THE-COUNTER HYPNOTICS MUSCLE RELAXANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES baclofen cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride ?NURSING DIAGNOSES ?PLANNING ?Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?IMPLEMENTATION ?EVALUATION REFERENCES 14 - Central Nervous System Stimulants and Related Drugs OVERVIEW ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER NARCOLEPSY OBESITY MIGRAINE DRUGS FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND NARCOLEPSY Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications ADVERSE EFFECTS Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Amphetamines and Related Stimulants ANOREXIANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ANTIMIGRAINE DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects ?DRUG PROFILES Anorexiants ANOREXIANTS orlistat Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ANALEPTICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects ?DRUG PROFILES Serotonin Receptor Agonists Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?DRUG PROFILES ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?EVALUATION REFERENCES 15 - Antiepileptic Drugs EPILEPSY ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES Barbiturates phenobarbital sodium and primidone Hydantoins ?phenytoin sodium and fosphenytoin Iminostilbenes carbamazepine oxcarbazepine Succinimide ethosuximide Miscellaneous Drugs gabapentin perampanel pregabalin lamotrigine levetiracetam topiramate valproic acid NURSING PROCESS ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 16 - Antiparkinsonian Drugs PARKINSON’S DISEASE TREATMENT OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE DRUG THERAPY Direct-Acting Dopaminergic Drugs Nondopamine Dopamine Receptor Agonists Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES bromocriptine mesylate ?ropinirole hydrochloride DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES INDIRECT-ACTING DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosage ?DRUG PROFILES DOPAMINE MODULATOR Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Drug Effects Drug Interactions Dosage ?DRUG PROFILE CATECHOL ORTHO-METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILE ANTICHOLINERGIC THERAPY Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects ?DRUG PROFILES ?NURSING PROCESS ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 17 - Psychotherapeutic Drugs OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS ANXIETY DISORDERS Anxiolytic Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects . Overdose of anxiolytics is usually not severe but may be associated with excessive sedation, hypotension, and seizures. There ... Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Benzodiazepines ?alprazolam ?diazepam ?lorazepam Miscellaneous Drug buspirone hydrochloride AFFECTIVE DISORDERS MOOD-STABILIZING DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Toxicity and Management of Overdose Second-Generation Antidepressants Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions ?Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES trazodone hydrochloride ?fluoxetine hydrochloride ?bupropion hydrochloride ?mirtazapine duloxetine hydrochloride Psychotic Disorders Antipsychotic Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Butyrophenone haloperidol Atypical Antipsychotics ?clozapine ?risperidone NURSING PROCESS Benzodiazepines Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Antidepressants Antipsychotics ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation Benzodiazepines Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Antidepressants Antipsychotics ?Evaluation REFERENCES 18 - Substance Misuse OVERVIEW OPIOIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose STIMULANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose DEPRESSANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose ALCOHOL Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Toxicity and Management of Overdose NICOTINE Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose ?NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 3 - Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System 19 - Adrenergic Drugs OVERVIEW SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ADRENERGIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Respiratory Indications Indications for Topical Nasal Decongestants Ophthalmic Indications Cardiovascular Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Laboratory Test Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Vasoactive Adrenergics ?dobutamine hydrochloride dopamine hydrochloride ?epinephrine hydrochloride midodrine hydrochloride ?norepinephrine bitartrate ?phenylephrine hydrochloride ?NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation 20 - Adrenergic-Blocking Drugs OVERVIEW Alpha Blockers Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Contraindications Adverse Effects . In an acute oral overdose, consultation with a Poison Control Centre is recommended. The patient’s stomach should be emptied, ... Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES phentolamine mesylate tamsulosin hydrochloride Beta Blockers Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects . For overdoses of both oral and injectable dosage forms, treatment consists primarily of symptomatic and supportive care. Consu... Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES atenolol carvedilol esmolol hydrochloride labetalol hydrochloride metoprolol tartrate propranolol hydrochloride sotalol hydrochloride ?NURSING PROCESS ?NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Outcome Criteria ?IMPLEMENTATION ?Evaluation REFERENCE 21 - Cholinergic Drugs OVERVIEW PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CHOLINERGIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Direct-Acting Drugs Indirect-Acting Drugs Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?bethanechol chloride ?donepezil hydrochloride memantine hydrochloride ?PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 22 - Cholinergic-Blocking Drugs OVERVIEW Cholinergic-Blocking Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects ?DRUG PROFILES atropine sulphate Interactions Dosages oxybutynin chloride scopolamine hydrobromide tolterodine tartrate ?NURSING DIAGNOSES ?Planning Goals Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 4 - Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems 23 - Antihypertensive Drugs OVERVIEW ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS REVIEW OF AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMISSION DIURETICS ADRENERGIC DRUGS ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS VASODILATORS ASSESSMENT EVALUATION REFERENCES 24 - Antianginal Drugs OVERVIEW ANTIANGINAL DRUGS Nitrates Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES ?isosorbide dinitrate ?isosorbide-5-mononitrate ?nitroglycerin BETA BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Anchor 442 Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES ?atenolol ?metoprolol tartrate CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES SUMMARY OF ANTIANGINAL PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOKINETIC BRIDGE TO NURSING PRACTICE ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 25 - Heart Failure Drugs OVERVIEW DRUG THERAPY ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS ?DRUG PROFILE Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers ?DRUG PROFILE Beta Blockers ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS Miscellaneous Heart Failure Drugs ?DRUG PROFILES hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate ?dobutamine hydrochloride OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profile Cardiac Glycosides Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?digoxin digoxin immune fab NURSING PROCESS ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 26 - Antidysrhythmic Drugs DYSRHYTHMIAS AND NORMAL CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Electrocardiography Common Dysrhythmias ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Class Ia Drugs procainamide hydrochloride quinidine sulfate Class Ib Drugs lidocaine hydrochloride Class Ic Drugs flecainide acetate propafenone hydrochloride Class II Drugs ?atenolol esmolol hydrochloride ?metoprolol tartrate Class III Drugs amiodarone hydrochloride ibutilide fumarate ?sotalol hydrochloride Class IV Drugs ?diltiazem hydrochloride ?verapamil hydrochloride Unclassified Antidysrhythmics adenosine NURSING PROCESS ?Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice Amiodarone ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Outcome Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 27 - Coagulation Modifier Drugs HEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION COAGULATION MODIFIER DRUGS Anticoagulants Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects . Treatment of the toxic effects of anticoagulants is aimed at reversing the underlying cause. Although the toxic effects of hep... Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profiles ?warfarin sodium ?enoxaparin sodium ?heparin sodium ?dabigatran etexilate mesylate ?fondaparinux sodium argatroban Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications ?DRUG PROFILES ?aspirin ?clopidogrel bisulphate ?eptifibatide Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Thrombolytic Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects ?DRUG PROFILES ?alteplase Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects . Acute toxicity primarily causes an extension of the adverse effects of the thrombolytic drug. Treatment is symptomatic and sup... Interactions Dosages Antifibrinolytic Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications ?DRUG PROFILES desmopressin acetate Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages NURSING PROCESS ?ASSESSMENT Anchor 506 ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation ?Evaluation 28 - Antilipemic Drugs OVERVIEW LIPIDS AND LIPID ABNORMALITIES Primary Forms of Lipids Cholesterol Homeostasis ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION CHOLESTEROL AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE DYSLIPIDEMIAS AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL–COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Laboratory Test Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Anchor 556 ?rosuvastatin calcium Anchor 558 BILE ACID SEQUESTRANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages NICOTINIC ACID Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions DRUG PROFILE Bile Acid Sequestrants ?cholestyramine resin DRUG PROFILES DRUG PROFILES Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates) Dosages FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosage gemfibrozil DRUG PROFILES Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor ezetimibe ?Nursing Process ?ASSESSMENT ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 29 - Diuretic Drugs OVERVIEW DIURETIC DRUGS CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILE LOOP DIURETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects SUMMARY OF MAJOR DRUG EFFECTS OF LOOP DIURETICS Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILE OSMOTIC DIURETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profiles amiloride hydrochloride ?spironolactone triamterene THIAZIDES AND THIAZIDE-LIKE DIURETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profiles ?hydrochlorothiazide metolazone NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 30 - Fluids and Electrolytes OVERVIEW PHYSIOLOGY OF FLUID BALANCE CRYSTALLOIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILE Colloids Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES albumin dextran Blood Products Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES packed red blood cells fresh frozen plasma PHYSIOLOGY OF ELECTROLYTE BALANCE POTASSIUM Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?potassium supplements sodium polystyrene sulfonate (potassium exchange resin) SODIUM Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES sodium chloride tolvaptan ?Nursing Process ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 5 - Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System 31 - Pituitary Drugs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PITUITARY DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?octreotide acetate ?somatropin ?vasopressin and desmopressin ?Nursing Process ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation 32 - Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs THYROID FUNCTION HYPOTHYROIDISM HYPERTHYROIDISM THYROID REPLACEMENT DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ANTITHYROID DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES PHARMACOKINETIC BRIDGE TO NURSING PRACTICE ?Nursing Process ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 33 - Antidiabetic Drugs PANCREAS DIABETES Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Acute Diabetic Complications: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State Gestational Diabetes Prevention and Screening Nonpharmacological Interventions Glycemic Goal of Treatment ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS Insulins Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Insulin Use in Special Populations ?DRUG PROFILES Rapid-Acting Insulins insulin lispro Short-Acting Insulin ?regular insulin Intermediate-Acting Insulins ?insulin isophane suspension (NPH) Long-Acting Insulins ?insulin detemir and insulin glargine Fixed-Combination Insulins Basal–Bolus and Sliding-Scale Insulin Dosing Oral Antihyperglycemic Drugs Biguanide Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Sulfonylureas Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Glinides Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones) Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES acarbose ?metformin hydrochloride ?pioglitazone hydrochloride ?repaglinide ?sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate Anchor 1258 INJECTABLE ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC DRUGS Incretin Mimetics Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Glucose-Elevating Drugs Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice Nursing Diagnoses Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 34 - Adrenal Drugs ADRENAL SYSTEM ADRENAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?Corticosteroids ?fludrocortisone 21-acetate ?prednisone methylprednisolone sodium succinate NURSING DIAGNOSES PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION REFERENCES 35 - Women’s Health Drugs OVERVIEW OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS FEMALE SEX HORMONES Estrogens Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Progestins Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?medroxyprogesterone acetate ?megestrol acetate Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Contraceptive Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Drugs for Osteoporosis Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects . The bisphosphonates work by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, which in turn indirectly enhances bone mineral den... . Raloxifene helps prevent osteoporosis by stimulating estrogen receptors on bone and increasing bone density in a manner simila... . In contrast to the other therapies described thus far, which inhibit bone resorption, teriparatide is the first and currently ... . Denosumab (Prolia) is a monoclonal antibody that blocks osteoclast activation, thereby preventing bone resorption. It is given... Indications Contraindications . Contraindications to bisphosphonate use include drug allergy, hypocalcemia, esophageal dysfunction, and the inability to sit o... . Use of SERMs is contraindicated in women with a known allergy to these drugs, in women who are or may become pregnant, and in ... . Contraindications to the use of teriparatide include known drug allergy . Contraindications to the use of denosumab are hypocalcemia, kidney impairment or failure, and infection Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profiles ?alendronate sodium raloxifene hydrochloride DRUGS RELATED TO PREGNANCY, LABOUR, DELIVERY, AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD Fertility Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Uterine Stimulants Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?dinoprostone ergonovine maleate ?oxytocin Drugs for Preterm Labour Management Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice Pituitary Gonadotropin Inhibitor ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 36 - Men’s Health Drugs* OVERVIEW OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANDROGENS AND OTHER DRUGS PERTAINING TO MEN’S HEALTH Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice Nursing Diagnoses Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 6 - Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 37 - Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, and Expectorants COLD MEDICATIONS ANTIHISTAMINES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Drug Profiles Nonsedating Antihistamines ?loratadine ?diphenhydramine hydrochloride DECONGESTANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES Antitussives Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES Expectorants Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Drug Profiles Nursing Diagnoses PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation EVALUATION REFERENCES 38 - Respiratory Drugs OVERVIEW DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT BRONCHODILATORS β-Adrenergic Agonists Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Anticholinergics Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Drug Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Xanthine Derivatives Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES NONBRONCHODILATING RESPIRATORY DRUGS Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Corticosteroids Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES methylprednisolone Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Monoclonal Antibody Antiasthmatic Nursing Process ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 7 - Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System and Nutrition 39 - Acid-Controlling Drugs OVERVIEW OVERVIEW HYDROCHLORIC ACID ANTACIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profiles H2 ANTAGONISTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?Drug Profiles PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?omeprazole magnesium lansoprazole Miscellaneous Acid-Controlling Drugs ?DRUG PROFILES ?sucralfate misoprostol Nursing Diagnoses Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 40 - Antidiarrheal Drugs and Laxatives OVERVIEW ANTIDIARRHEALS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Drug Profiles Adsorbents bismuth subsalicylate Anticholinergics Opiates ?diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine sulphate ?loperamide hydrochloride Probiotics Lactobacillus LAXATIVES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Drug Profiles Bulk-Forming Laxatives methylcellulose psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid Emollient Laxatives docusate sodium mineral oil Hyperosmotic Laxatives ?glycerin ?lactulose polyethylene glycol 3350 Saline Laxatives magnesium hydroxide Stimulant Laxatives bisacodyl ?senna NURSING DIAGNOSES PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION REFERENCES 41 - Antiemetic and Antinausea Drugs NAUSEA AND VOMITING Antiemetic and Antinausea Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Anticholinergics scopolamine Antidopaminergic ?prochlorperazine ?promethazine ?metoclopramide hydrochloride ?ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate tetrahydrocannabinol aprepitant doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Criteria ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 42 - Nutritional Supplements OVERVIEW ENTERAL NUTRITION TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION REFERENCES 8 - Anti-infective and Anti-inflammatory Drugs 43 - Antibiotics Part 1: Sulfonamides, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines MICROBIAL INFECTION Health Care–Associated Infection GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY ANTIBIOTICS SULFONAMIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS PENICILLINS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Natural Penicillins ?penicillin G and penicillin V potassium cloxacillin sodium ?amoxicillin CEPHALOSPORINS Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES First-Generation Cephalosporins ?cefazolin sodium ?cefoxitin sodium ?ceftriaxone sodium cefepime hydrochloride ?imipenem/cilastatin meropenem and ertapenem ?DRUG PROFILE MACROLIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?erythromycin ?azithromycin and clarithromycin TETRACYCLINES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES NURSING DIAGNOSES PLANNING ?Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation EVALUATION REFERENCES 44 - Antibiotics Part 2: Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, and Other Drugs OVERVIEW AMINOGLYCOSIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES QUINOLONES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?DRUG PROFILES Miscellaneous Antibiotics ?clindamycin NURSING DIAGNOSES PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION REFERENCES 45 - Antiviral Drugs GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VIROLOGY OVERVIEW OF VIRAL ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS Herpes Simplex Viruses Varicella-Zoster Virus ANTIVIRALS (NON-HIV) Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES amantadine hydrochloride ?acyclovir ?ganciclovir hydrochloride oseltamivir phosphate and zanamivir ribavirin HIV Infection and AIDS DRUGS USED TO TREAT HIV INFECTION Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages enfuvirtide ?indinavir sulphate ?maraviroc ?nevirapine ?raltegravir potassium tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ?zidovudine Other Viral Illnesses ?Nursing Process Nursing Diagnoses Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 46 - Antitubercular Drugs ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ethambutol hydrochloride ?isoniazid pyrazinamide rifabutin rifampin streptomycin sulphate ?Nursing Process Nursing Diagnoses Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes IMPLEMENTATION Evaluation REFERENCES 47 - Antifungal Drugs FUNGAL INFECTIONS ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?amphotericin B caspofungin acetate ?fluconazole nystatin terbinafine hydrochloride voriconazole Nursing Diagnoses Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation 48 - Antimalarial, Antiprotozoal, and Anthelmintic Drugs OVERVIEW MALARIA ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?chloroquine diphosphate and hydroxychloroquine sulphate mefloquine hydrochloride ?primaquine phosphate OTHER PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS NONMALARIAL ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES atovaquone ?metronidazole pentamidine isetionate HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES praziquantel pyrantel pamoate ?Nursing Process Nursing Diagnoses Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 49 - Anti-inflammatory and Antigout Drugs NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Salicylates ?acetylsalicylic acid ?indomethacin ketorolac tromethamine Propionic Acids ?ibuprofen Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors ?celecoxib Enolic Acid Derivatives ANTIGOUT DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES ?allopurinol ?colchicine probenecid ?Nursing Process Nursing Diagnoses PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 9 - Immune and Biological Modifiers and Chemotherapeutic Drugs 50 - Immunosuppressant Drugs IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES azathioprine basiliximab cyclosporin fingolimod hydrochloride glatiramer acetate ?mycophenolate mofetil ?sirolimus and tacrolimus ?Nursing Process ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation 51 - Immunizing Drugs and Pandemic Preparedness IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION Active Immunization Toxoids Vaccines Passive Immunization IMMUNIZING DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Active Immunizing Drugs diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis vaccine (adsorbed) Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine ?hepatitis B virus vaccine (inactivated) ?influenza virus vaccine ?measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (live, attenuated) meningococcal vaccine ?pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent and 13-valent poliovirus vaccine (inactivated) rabies virus vaccine human papillomavirus vaccine herpes zoster vaccine ?varicella virus vaccine rotavirus oral vaccine Passive Immunizing Drugs ?hepatitis B immunoglobulin ?immunoglobulin Rh0(D) immunoglobulin rabies immunoglobulin tetanus immunoglobulin varicella-zoster immunoglobulin PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE ?Nursing Process ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 52 - Antineoplastic Drugs Part 1:Cancer Overview and CellCycle–Specific Drugs OVERVIEW Etiology of Cancer Age- and Gender-Related Differences Genetic and Ethnic Factors Oncogenic Viruses Occupational and Environmental Carcinogens Radiation Immunological Factors Cell Growth Cycle Cancer Drug Nomenclature Drug Therapy CELL CYCLE–SPECIFIC ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS Antimetabolites Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects . The antimetabolite methotrexate is an analogue of folic acid. It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme responsible for c... . The purine bases present in DNA and RNA are adenine and guanine (see the discussion in Chapter 53). They are required for the ... . The pyrimidine bases, cytosine and thymine, occur in the structure of DNA molecules. Cytosine and uracil are part of the struc... Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Folate Antagonists ?methotrexate raltitrexed disodium Purine Antagonists cladribine fludarabine phosphate Pyrimidine Antagonists capecitabine ?cytarabine fluorouracil gemcitabine hydrochloride Mitotic Inhibitors Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects . Most of the mitotic inhibitor antineoplastics are administered intravenously, and extravasation of these drugs is potentially ... Interactions Alkaloid Topoisomerase II Inhibitors Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Selected Mitotic Inhibitors and Etoposide ?etoposide paclitaxel vincristine Topoisomerase I Inhibitors Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Selected Topoisomerase I Inhibitors irinotecan hydrochloride topotecan hydrochloride Antineoplastic Enzymes Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?asparaginase pegaspargase ?NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 53 - Antineoplastic Drugs Part 2: Cell Cycle–Nonspecific and Miscellaneous Drugs 53 Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?cisplatin ?cyclophosphamide Cytotoxic Antibiotics Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects . Severe cases of cardiomyopathy are associated with large cumulative doses of doxorubicin. Routine monitoring of cardiac ejecti... Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?doxoryin hydrochloride mitoxantrone hydrochloride MISCELLANEOUS ANTINEOPLASTICS ?DRUG PROFILES bevacizumab hydroxyurea imatinib mesylate mitotane octreotide acetate HORMONAL ANTINEOPLASTICS RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED ANTINEOPLASTICS ?NURSING PROCESS ?Assessment ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?IMPLEMENTATION ?Evaluation 54 - Biological Response–Modifying Drugs and Antirheumatic Drugs OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOMODULATORS IMMUNE SYSTEM Humoral Immune System Cell-Mediated Immune System BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS HEMATOPOIETIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES INTERFERONS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Interferon Alfa Products ?interferon alfa-2b, peginterferon alfa-2a Interferon Beta Products ?interferon beta-1a and beta-1b MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Mechanism of Action, Drug Effects, and Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES adalimumab alemtuzumab belimumab bevacizumab certolizumab pegol cetuximab golimumab infliximab natalizumab palivizumab ?rituximab trastuzumab INTERLEUKINS AND RELATED DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?aldesleukin anakinra tocilizumab MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNOMODULATING DRUGS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC ARTHRITIS DRUGS Mechanism of Action, Indications, and Adverse Effects Contraindications ?DRUG PROFILES abatacept etanercept leflunomide ?methotrexate tofacitinib ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning Goals Expected Patient Outcomes ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 10 - Miscellaneous Therapeutics: Hematological, Dermatological,Ophthalmic, and Otic Drugs 55 - Anemia Drugs ERYTHROPOIESIS TYPES OF ANEMIA ERYTHROPOIESIS-STIMULATING AGENTS ?DRUG PROFILES IRON Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?ferrous fumarate ?ferrous sulphate iron dextran ferric gluconate iron sucrose FOLIC ACID Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES OTHER ANEMIA DRUGS ?Nursing Process Pharmacokinetic Bridge to Nursing Practice Nursing Diagnoses PLANNING Goals Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation Evaluation REFERENCES 56 - Dermatological Drugs SKIN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TOPICAL DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS ANTIMICROBIALS GENERAL ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES bacitracin neomycin and polymyxin B mupirocin ?silver sulfadiazine ANTIACNE DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES benzoyl peroxide clindamycin phosphate isotretinoin tretinoin ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES clotrimazole miconazole nitrate ANTIVIRAL DRUGS TOPICAL ANAESTHETICS TOPICAL ANTIPRURITICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES ANTIPSORIATIC DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES tazarotene tar-containing products calcipotriol MISCELLANEOUS DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES Ectoparasiticidal Drugs Hair Growth Drugs minoxidil Sunscreens Antineoplastic Drugs fluorouracil Immunomodulators pimecrolimus imiquimod WOUND CARE DRUGS SKIN PREPARATION DRUGS ?Nursing Process Nursing Diagnoses PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes IMPLEMENTATION Evaluation REFERENCES 57 - Ophthalmic Drugs OCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Lacrimal Glands Layers of the Eye TREATMENT OF EYE DISORDERS GLAUCOMA ANTIGLAUCOMA DRUGS Cholinergic Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Direct-Acting Miotics acetylcholine chloride ?pilocarpine hydrochloride Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES apraclonidine hydrochloride ?dipivefrin hydrochloride β-Adrenergic Blockers Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES ?betaxolol hydrochloride ?timolol maleate Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILE Osmotic Diuretics Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES mannitol Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILE Antimicrobial Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Aminoglycosides ?tobramycin Macrolide Antibiotics ?erythromycin Polypeptide Antibiotics ?bacitracin zinc/polymyxin B sulphate Quinolones ?ciprofloxacin hydrochloride Sulfonamides ?sulfacetamide sodium / prednisolone acetate Antivirals trifluridine ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects ?DRUG PROFILES Corticosteroid ?dexamethasone ketorolac tromethamine TOPICAL ANAESTHETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions ?DRUG PROFILES DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES Cycloplegic Mydriatics ?atropine sulphate cyclopentolate hydrochloride Ophthalmic Dye fluorescein sodium ANTIALLERGIC DRUGS Antihistamines olopatadine hydrochloride Mast Cell Stabilizers cromolyn sodium Decongestants tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride Lubricants and Moisturizers ?artificial tears ?Nursing Diagnoses ?Planning ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes ?IMPLEMENTATION ?Evaluation REFERENCES 58 - Otic Drugs TREATMENT OF EAR DISORDERS ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL OTIC DRUGS ?DRUG PROFILES Antibacterial Products Antifungal Products Earwax Emulsifiers ?carbamide peroxide ?Nursing Process Nursing Diagnoses PLANNING ?Goals ?Expected Patient Outcomes Implementation EVALUATION REFERENCES 1 - PHARMACEUTICAL ABBREVIATIONS 2 - ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX OF GLOSSARY TERMS A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z DRUG INDEX A B C D E F G I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z GENERAL INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z SPECIAL FEATURES