Tadros T.F.9783110452365
Regulation, main characteristics, properties and ingredients of formulations are presented at both the fundamental and practical levels
Interdisciplinary science involving chemistry, biology, formulation science, pharmacology, marketing.
Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Also of Interest
Formulations: In Cosmetic and Personal Care
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. General introduction
References
2. Surfactants used in cosmetic and personal care formulations, their properties and surfactant–polymer interaction
2.1 Surfactant classes
2.1.1 Anionic surfactants
2.1.2 Cationic surfactants
2.1.3 Amphoteric (zwitterionic) surfactants
2.1.4 Nonionic surfactants
2.1.5 Surfactants derived from mono- and polysaccharides
2.1.6 Naturally occurring surfactants
2.1.7 Polymeric (macromolecular) surfactants
2.1.8 Silicone surfactants
2.2 Physical properties of surfactant solutions and the process of micellization
2.2.1 Thermodynamics of micellization
2.3 Micellization in surfactant mixtures (mixed micelles)
2.4 Surfactant–polymer interaction
2.4.1 Factors influencing the association between surfactant and polymer
2.4.2 Interaction models
2.4.3 Driving force for surfactant/polymer interaction
2.4.4 Structure of surfactant/polymer complexes
2.4.5 Surfactant/hydrophobically modified polymer interaction
2.4.6 Interaction between surfactants and polymers with opposite charge (surfactant/polyelectrolyte interaction)
References
3. Polymeric surfactants in cosmetic formulations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General classification of polymeric surfactants
3.3 Polymeric surfactant adsorption and conformation
3.3.1 Measurement of the adsorption isotherm
3.3.2 Measurement of the fraction of segments p
3.3.3 Determination of the segment density distribution ?(z) and adsorbed layer thickness dh
3.4 Examples of the adsorption results of nonionic polymeric surfactant
3.4.1 Adsorption isotherms
3.4.2 Adsorbed layer thickness results
3.5 Kinetics of polymer adsorption
3.6 Emulsions stabilized by polymeric surfactants
References
4. Self-assembly structures in cosmetic formulations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Self-assembly structures
4.3 Structure of liquid crystalline phases
4.3.1 Hexagonal phase
4.3.2 Micellar cubic phase
4.3.3 Lamellar phase
4.3.4 Discontinuous cubic phases
4.3.5 Reversed structures
4.4 Driving force for liquid crystalline phase formation
4.5 Identification of the liquid crystalline phases and investigation of their structure
4.6 Formulation of liquid crystalline phases
4.6.1 Oleosomes
4.6.2 Hydrosomes
References
5. Interaction forces between particles or droplets in cosmetic formulations and their combination
5.1 Van der Waals attraction
5.2 Electrostatic repulsion
5.3 Flocculation of electrostatically stabilized dispersions
5.4 Criteria for stabilization of dispersions with double layer interaction
5.5 Steric repulsion
5.5.1 Mixing interaction Gmix
5.5.2 Elastic interaction Gel
5.5.3 Total energy of interaction
5.5.4 Criteria for effective steric stabilization
5.5.5 Flocculation of sterically stabilized dispersions
5.5.5.1 Weak flocculation
5.5.5.2 Incipient flocculation
5.5.5.3 Depletion flocculation
5.5.5.4 Bridging flocculation by polymers and polyelectrolytes
References
6. Formulation of cosmetic emulsions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermodynamics of emulsion formation
6.3 Emulsion breakdown processes and their prevention
6.3.1 Creaming and sedimentation
6.3.2 Flocculation
6.3.3 Ostwald ripening (disproportionation)
6.3.4 Coalescence
6.3.5 Phase Inversion
6.4 Selection of emulsifiers
6.4.1 The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) concept
6.4.2 The Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) concept
6.4.3 The Cohesive Energy Ratio (CER) concept
6.4.4 The Critical Packing Parameter (CPP) for emulsion selection
6.5 Manufacture of cosmetic emulsions
6.5.1 Mechanism of emulsification
6.5.2 Methods of emulsification
6.6 Rheological properties of cosmetic emulsions
References
7. Formulation of nanoemulsions in cosmetics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparation of nanoemulsion by the use of high pressure homogenizers
7.3 Low-energy methods for preparation of nanoemulsions
7.3.1 Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) principle
7.3.2 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) principle
7.3.3 Preparation of nanoemulsions by dilution of microemulsions
7.4 Practical examples of nanoemulsions
7.5 Nanoemulsions based on polymeric surfactants
References
8. Formulation of multiple emulsions in cosmetics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of multiple emulsions
8.3 Breakdown processes of multiple emulsions
8.4 Preparation of multiple emulsions
8.5 Characterization of multiple emulsions
8.5.1 Droplet size analysis
8.5.2 Dialysis
8.5.3 Rheological techniques
8.5.3.1 Steady state shear stress (τ) – shear rate (γ) measurements
8.5.3.2 Constant stress (creep) measurements
8.5.3.3 Dynamic or oscillatory measurements
8.6 Summary of the factors affecting stability of multiple emulsions and criteria for their stabilization
References
9. Liposomes and vesicles in cosmetic formulations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nomenclature of liposomes and their classification
9.3 Driving force for formation of vesicles
References
10. Formulation of shampoos
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Surfactants for use in shampoo formulations
10.2.1 Anionic surfactants
10.2.2 Amphoteric surfactants
10.2.3 Nonionic surfactants
10.3 Properties of a shampoo
10.4 Components of a shampoo
10.4.1 Cleansing agents
10.4.2 Foam boosters
10.4.3 Thickening agents
10.4.4 Preservatives
10.4.5 Miscellaneous additives
10.5 Role of the components
10.5.1 Behaviour of mixed surfactant systems [2, 3]
10.5.2 Cleansing function
10.5.3 Foam boosters
10.5.4 Thickeners and rheology modifiers
10.5.4.1 Addition of electrolytes
10.5.4.2 Thickeners [8]
10.5.5 Silicone oil emulsions in shampoos
10.6 Use of associative thickeners as rheology modifiers in shampoos
References
11. Formulation of hair conditioners in shampoos
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Morphology of hair
11.3 Surface properties of hair
11.3.1 Wettability investigations
11.3.2 Electrokinetic studies
11.4 Role of surfactants and polymers in hair conditioners
References
12. Formulation of sunscreens for UV protection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism of absorbance and scattering by TiO2 and ZnO
12.3 Preparation of well-dispersed particles
12.4 Experimental results for sterically stabilized TiO2 dispersions in nonaqueous media
12.5 Competitive interactions in sunscreen formulations
References
13. Formulation of colour cosmetics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamental principles for preparation of a stable colour cosmetic dispersion
13.2.1 Powder wetting
13.2.2 Powder dispersion and milling (comminution)
13.2.3 Stabilization of the dispersion against aggregation
13.3 Classes of dispersing agents
13.4 Assessment of dispersants
13.4.1 Adsorption isotherms
13.4.2 Measurement of dispersion and particle size distribution
13.4.3 Rheological measurements
13.5 Application of the above fundamental principles to colour cosmetics
13.6 Principles of preparation of colour cosmetics
13.7 Competitive interactions in colour cosmetic formulations
References
14. Industrial examples of cosmetic and personal care formulations
14.1 Shaving formulations
14.2 Bar soaps
14.3 Liquid hand soaps
14.4 Bath oils
14.5 Foam (or bubble) baths
14.6 After bath preparations
14.7 Skincare products
14.8 Haircare formulations
14.9 Sunscreens
14.10 Make-up products
References
Index
